angular-testing（Angular 测试）

Angular Testing with Jest

Test Angular v21+ applications with Jest and @testing-library/angular, prioritizing user-centric testing over implementation details.

Core Principles

• User-Centric Testing: Simulate real user behavior using @testing-library/angular. Avoid testing implementation details or private state.
• Modern Angular: Follow Angular v20+ standards (Standalone components, Signals, @if/@for control flow).
• Accessibility: Use semantic queries (getByRole, getByLabelText) that promote accessible markup.

Framework & Syntax

Jest Globals

Always use Jest globals:

• describe, it, expect, jest (e.g., jest.fn(), jest.spyOn())
• Never use jasmine, spyOn, or done()

Testing Library DOM Matchers

Use @testing-library/jest-dom matchers for better assertions:

// Good - Use jest-dom matchers
expect(button).toHaveClass('primary');
expect(text).toBeVisible();
expect(element).toHaveTextContent('Hello');
expect(button).toBeDisabled();

// Bad - Avoid direct DOM manipulation
expect(element.classList.contains('name')).toBe(true);
expect(element.style.display).toBe('none');

Test Structure (AAA Pattern)

Strict AAA Guidelines

Structure every test into Arrange, Act, and Assert blocks:

1. Leave exactly one empty line between Arrange/Act/Assert blocks
2. Do NOT include // Arrange or // Act or // Assert comments
3. Use meaningful test titles with active voice

Test Naming

• Use active voice, describe what the test does
• Avoid "should" phrasing

// Bad - Generic "should" title
it('should handle submit', () => { });

// Good - Descriptive and specific
it('prevents submission when the email field is invalid', () => { });

// Good - Clear behavior description
it('updates the profile when the save button is clicked', () => { });

Component Testing Strategy

Isolation

Each it block must be self-contained. Use beforeEach only for setup truly shared across all tests.

Query Selection

Use Testing Library queries in order of preference:

1. screen.getByRole() - Most accessible and semantic
2. screen.getByLabelText() - For form elements
3. screen.getByText() - For static text content
4. screen.getByTestId() - Last resort only

User Interactions

Use userEvent from @testing-library/user-event for realistic interactions instead of native DOM events.

Public API Testing

Test only public fields and methods. Test protected or private logic only through public triggers (user interactions, input changes, public method calls).

Business Logic Focus

Do not test Angular's built-in directives (like @if, @for). Test the component's unique inputs, outputs, and business logic.

Mocking & Async

Effective Mocking

Use jest.spyOn() or jest.fn() to isolate dependencies. Avoid importing heavy modules; mock services and APIs at the boundary.

Async Handling

Use async/await for all promises returned by queries or events. Never leave a promise unhandled.

Signals

Update signal state via component.mySignal.set() and verify the UI updates automatically.

HTTP

Use HttpTestingController and provideHttpClientTesting() for service tests.

Best Practices Summary

1. User-Centric: Test what users see and interact with
2. AAA Pattern: Arrange, Act, Assert with clear separation
3. Meaningful Names: Active voice, specific behavior
4. Isolation: Each test is self-contained
5. Accessibility: Use semantic queries (getByRole, getByLabelText)
6. Public API Only: Don't test private implementation
7. Async Handling: Always await promises and user events
8. Mock at Boundaries: Mock services, not internal logic
9. Business Logic Focus: Don't test Angular's built-in directives
10. DOM Matchers: Use jest-dom for readable assertions

For complete usage examples and patterns, see references/testing-jest-patterns.md.