linear-design（Linear 设计）

Linear-Quality Design System

Build UI with the craft of Linear, Vercel, and Resend. Great UI is restraint, not addition. The best details are invisible — felt, not seen.

Color System

Design a derived color system, not a palette of hardcoded values.

• Define 3 foundation variables: base color, accent color, contrast level.
• Derive all surfaces, text, icons, borders from these via opacity operations.
• Use perceptually uniform color space (LCH/OKLCH) so colors at same lightness look equally light.
• Hierarchy through opacity and weight, not hue. Monochrome-first.
• Color ONLY for semantic meaning: error (red), success (green), active/selected, brand accent.
• No decorative color. No habitual colored icons — make them muted-foreground.
• Limit brand color leakage into chrome. The frame should feel neutral and timeless.
• No hardcoded hex anywhere. CSS variables / design tokens only.

Surface & Elevation

Layer surfaces with subtle background shifts, not heavy shadows.

• Define clear elevation hierarchy: background → card/raised → popover → dialog/modal.
• Each level is a slight shade shift (via opacity on base), not a different color.
• Dark mode: shadows become subtle borders or glows. Replace shadow-md with border border-border/50.
• Borders: semi-transparent at low opacity (border-border/40), never solid opaque lines.
• Backdrop blur on floating elements: backdrop-blur-sm on overlays, popovers, command palette.
• Support high-contrast mode via the contrast variable — accessibility built into the system.
• -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased globally.

Motion & Animation

Motion is ~30% of why premium UI feels premium. transition-colors duration-150 is the floor.

• Micro-transitions: color/opacity changes use duration-150 ease-out.
• Layout transitions: panels, drawers, sidebars use duration-200 ease-in-out.
• Entrances: modals/dialogs use spring-based easing — slight overshoot, then settle. Framer Motion: type: "spring", stiffness: 400, damping: 30. CSS: cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1).
• List stagger: items entering a list animate in with 30-50ms stagger between each.
• Skeleton shimmer: animated gradient sweep matching content shape, not a static gray box.
• Toasts: slide in from consistent anchor (bottom-right), slide out on dismiss.
• Number animations: counters animate between values, don't jump.
• Exit animations: elements leaving should animate out (opacity + slight translate), not vanish.
• Never add artificial delays. Motion should feel instant-but-smooth, not slow.

Layout Architecture

The structural patterns that make an app feel like a tool, not a website.

• Three-column layout: collapsible sidebar (240-280px) + main content + optional detail panel.
• Resizable panels: drag handles between columns. Show handle on hover, store width preference.
• Sticky headers: compress or transform on scroll. Never duplicate content in header and body.
• Sheet/drawer vs modal: use sheets for contextual detail (stays in flow), modals for focused tasks (blocks flow). Sheets slide from right, modals center with backdrop.
• Command palette: Cmd+K overlay that floats above layout. Fuzzy search, categorized results, recent items, keyboard-navigable. This is primary navigation for power users.
• Split views: side-by-side content for comparison or detail-alongside-list.

Keyboard-First Design

A Linear-quality app is faster with keyboard than mouse.

• Command palette (Cmd+K): search commands, navigate, execute actions. Must exist.
• Single-key shortcuts: C to create, S for status, etc. Show in tooltips and context menus.
• List navigation: j/k or arrow keys to move through items, Enter to open.
• Multi-select: Shift+Click range select, Cmd+Click toggle individual.
• Focus management: after dialog close, focus returns to trigger. After create, focus new item.
• Shortcuts in UI: display keyboard shortcut hints in tooltips, context menus, and command palette results. This teaches users the shortcuts naturally.
• Escape to dismiss: every overlay, modal, popover, command palette closes on Escape.

Progressive Disclosure

Resting state is minimal. Complexity reveals on interaction.

• Row actions: edit, delete, options menu — visible only on row :hover.
• Metadata: timestamps, secondary badges — shown on hover where non-essential at rest.
• Toolbars: bulk action bars appear on selection, not permanently.
• Contextual menus: right-click surfaces full action set. Include keyboard shortcuts in menu items.
• Sub-menu safe areas: triangle hit area between cursor and sub-menu so diagonal mouse movement doesn't close the menu (the Linear pattern — ~40 lines of code, invisible to user, felt as smoothness).
• If it's not primary content or primary action, it should not be visible at rest.

Information Density

Dense yet clean. Chrome is sparse, content is dense.

• Tight line-heights in lists and tables (1.25-1.4, not Tailwind default 1.5).
• Compact inline metadata: status dot + avatar + priority icon + label, all in one row.
• Tabular numbers: font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums on all number columns so digits align.
• Monospace: IDs, branch names, code, technical strings in font-mono text-xs.
• Right-align numbers in table columns.
• Density trade-off: reduce chrome spacing (sidebar padding, header height) to give content room. Content area can be dense; navigation frame stays spacious.

Buttons & Actions

• AT MOST one variant="default" (primary) button per page/modal/card.
• All other actions: secondary, outline, or ghost — pick by visual weight.
• Destructive: variant="destructive" + confirmation dialog before execution.
• Consistent button height per context. Never mix sizes in the same view.
• Cursor pointer on everything clickable.

Interactivity & Micro-interactions

• Every clickable element: distinct hover: state (color/opacity) + active: state (pressed).
• No bare <div onClick> without visual hover feedback.
• Focusable elements: focus-visible:ring-2 ring-ring.
• Drag handles: appear on hover, hidden at rest.
• Copy-to-clipboard: brief "Copied!" feedback (tooltip or inline text swap, 1.5s).
• Optimistic updates: UI changes instantly on action, server catches up async.
• Smart menu positioning: menus stay in viewport, flip direction when near edges.
• Input debounce: search/filter inputs debounce 200-300ms, show subtle loading indicator.

Typography

• Each view: one dominant heading, one focal point. No competing visual weights.
• Chrome recedes, content advances — high-contrast text against quieter frame.
• Design system tokens only. No arbitrary font sizes or weights.
• Display font for headings (e.g. Inter Display, Geist) for expression. Regular weight for body.
• Letter-spacing: slightly tighter on large headings (tracking-tight), default on body.

Truncation

• Single-line: truncate + min-w-0 on flex parent and span.
• Multi-line: line-clamp-{n} with deliberate max.
• Text never overflows. Every string is bounded. Never break-all.

States

• Loading: <Skeleton> matching real layout shape + shimmer animation. Never spinner in content.
• Empty: title + one-line description + single CTA. Never blank.
• Error: human-readable message + what to do next.
• Disabled: opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed. Never remove the element.

Tables & Data Display

• Full row highlight on hover (subtle background change).
• Right-aligned numbers, left-aligned text.
• Sortable columns with subtle indicator (chevron icon).
• Horizontally scrollable with frozen first column on overflow.
• Row actions on hover (progressive disclosure).
• Alternating row backgrounds at very low opacity (optional, even:bg-muted/30).

Components

• shadcn/ui only. Never reimplement Dialog, Tooltip, Dropdown, Select, Tabs, Badge, Card, Skeleton.
• Lucide icons only. No emojis. No decorative AI icons (sparkles, wands, stars).
• Icon-only buttons: MUST wrap in <Tooltip> with short label. No exceptions.
• Consistent icon size per density (16px dense, 18-20px standard). Don't mix arbitrarily.
• Consistent border radius throughout — never deviate from system radius.

Spacing

• 4px base scale. No arbitrary values (mt-[13px] is a violation).
• No orphaned elements. Everything on a layout grid.
• Remove borders/dividers replaceable by spacing alone.
• Generous whitespace — empty space IS the design.

Polish

• No console.log in UI components.
• No z-[9999] — use defined z-index scale.
• No !important overrides.
• No hardcoded colors — all through CSS variables.
• Escape closes every overlay.
• URL updates on tab/section change for shareability.
• Responsive: sidebar collapses to icon-only or drawer on mobile. Panels stack vertically.

Audit Output Format

For each issue:

1. File path + line
2. What's wrong (one sentence)
3. The fix

Group by: Color/Surface → Motion → Layout → Keyboard → Progressive Disclosure → Density → Interactivity → Typography → States → Tables → Polish

Rank: broken interactions > missing keyboard support > missing states > motion gaps > visual inconsistency > polish.

End with: what still needs human design judgment that code alone cannot fix.