snapshot-testing（快照测试）

Snapshot Testing with Verify

When to Use This Skill

Use snapshot testing when:

• Verifying rendered output (HTML emails, reports, generated code)
• Approving public API surfaces for breaking change detection
• Testing HTTP response bodies and headers
• Validating serialization output
• Catching unintended changes in complex objects

What is Snapshot Testing?

Snapshot testing captures output and compares it against a human-approved baseline:

1. First run: Test generates a .received. file with actual output
2. Human review: Developer approves it, creating a .verified. file
3. Subsequent runs: Test compares output against .verified. file
4. Changes detected: Test fails, diff tool shows differences for review

This catches unintended changes while allowing intentional changes through explicit approval.

Setup

Packages

<PackageReference Include="Verify.Xunit" Version="20.*" />
<PackageReference Include="Verify.Http" Version="6.*" />

Module Initializer

Verify requires a one-time initialization per test assembly:

// ModuleInitializer.cs
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

public static class ModuleInitializer
{
    [ModuleInitializer]
    public static void Init()
    {
        // Use source-file-relative paths for verified files
        VerifyBase.UseProjectRelativeDirectory("Snapshots");

        // Scrub common non-deterministic types globally
        VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<DateTime>();
        VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<DateTimeOffset>();
        VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<Guid>();

        // In CI, fail instead of launching diff tool
        if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("CI") is not null)
        {
            DiffRunner.Disabled = true;
        }
    }
}

Source Control

Add to .gitignore:

# Verify received files (test failures)
*.received.*

Add to .gitattributes:

*.verified.txt text eol=lf
*.verified.xml text eol=lf
*.verified.json text eol=lf
*.verified.html text eol=lf

Basic Usage

Verifying Objects

[UsesVerify]
public class OrderSerializationTests
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Serialize_CompletedOrder_MatchesSnapshot()
    {
        var order = new Order
        {
            Id = 1,
            CustomerId = "cust-123",
            Status = OrderStatus.Completed,
            Items =
            [
                new OrderItem("SKU-001", Quantity: 2, UnitPrice: 29.99m),
                new OrderItem("SKU-002", Quantity: 1, UnitPrice: 49.99m)
            ],
            Total = 109.97m
        };

        return Verify(order);
    }
}

Creates OrderSerializationTests.Serialize_CompletedOrder_MatchesSnapshot.verified.txt.

Verifying Strings and Streams

[Fact]
public Task RenderInvoice_MatchesExpectedHtml()
{
    var html = invoiceRenderer.Render(order);
    return Verify(html, extension: "html");
}

[Fact]
public Task ExportReport_MatchesExpectedXml()
{
    var stream = reportExporter.Export(report);
    return Verify(stream, extension: "xml");
}

Scrubbing and Filtering

Non-deterministic values (dates, GUIDs, auto-incremented IDs) change between test runs. Scrubbing replaces them with stable placeholders.

Built-In Scrubbers

[Fact]
public Task CreateOrder_ScrubsNonDeterministicValues()
{
    var order = new Order
    {
        Id = Guid.NewGuid(),          // Scrubbed to Guid_1
        CreatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow,  // Scrubbed to DateTime_1
        TrackingNumber = Guid.NewGuid().ToString() // Scrubbed to Guid_2
    };

    return Verify(order);
}

Produces stable output:

{
  Id: Guid_1,
  CreatedAt: DateTime_1,
  TrackingNumber: Guid_2
}

Custom Scrubbers

[Fact]
public Task AuditLog_ScrubsTimestampsAndMachineNames()
{
    var log = auditService.GetRecentEntries();

    return Verify(log)
        .ScrubLinesWithReplace(line =>
            Regex.Replace(line, @"Machine:\s+\w+", "Machine: Scrubbed"))
        .ScrubLinesContaining("CorrelationId:");
}

Ignoring Members

[Fact]
public Task OrderSnapshot_IgnoresVolatileFields()
{
    var order = orderService.CreateOrder(request);

    return Verify(order)
        .IgnoreMember("CreatedAt")
        .IgnoreMember("UpdatedAt")
        .IgnoreMember("ETag");
}

Scrubbing Inline Values

[Fact]
public Task ApiResponse_ScrubsTokens()
{
    var response = authService.GenerateTokenResponse(user);

    return Verify(response)
        .ScrubLinesWithReplace(line =>
            Regex.Replace(line, @"Bearer [A-Za-z0-9\-._~+/]+=*", "Bearer {scrubbed}"));
}

Verifying HTTP Responses

Full HTTP Responses

[UsesVerify]
public class OrdersApiSnapshotTests : IClassFixture<WebApplicationFactory<Program>>
{
    private readonly HttpClient _client;

    public OrdersApiSnapshotTests(WebApplicationFactory<Program> factory)
    {
        _client = factory.CreateClient();
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task GetOrders_ResponseMatchesSnapshot()
    {
        var response = await _client.GetAsync("/api/orders");
        await Verify(response);
    }
}

Specific Response Parts

[Fact]
public async Task CreateOrder_VerifyResponseBody()
{
    var response = await _client.PostAsJsonAsync("/api/orders", request);
    var body = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<OrderDto>();

    await Verify(body)
        .IgnoreMember("Id")
        .IgnoreMember("CreatedAt");
}

Verifying Rendered Emails

Snapshot-test email templates by verifying the rendered HTML output:

[UsesVerify]
public class EmailTemplateTests
{
    private readonly EmailRenderer _renderer = new();

    [Fact]
    public Task OrderConfirmation_MatchesSnapshot()
    {
        var model = new OrderConfirmationModel
        {
            CustomerName = "Alice Johnson",
            OrderNumber = "ORD-001",
            Items =
            [
                new("Widget A", Quantity: 2, Price: 29.99m),
                new("Widget B", Quantity: 1, Price: 49.99m)
            ],
            Total = 109.97m
        };

        var html = _renderer.RenderOrderConfirmation(model);
        return Verify(html, extension: "html");
    }

    [Fact]
    public Task PasswordReset_MatchesSnapshot()
    {
        var model = new PasswordResetModel
        {
            UserName = "alice",
            ResetLink = "https://example.com/reset?token=test-token"
        };

        var html = _renderer.RenderPasswordReset(model);

        return Verify(html, extension: "html")
            .ScrubLinesWithReplace(line =>
                Regex.Replace(line, @"token=[^""&]+", "token={scrubbed}"));
    }
}

Benefits for email testing:

• Catches CSS/layout regressions
• Detects broken template variables
• Visual review in diff tool
• Version control tracks email changes

API Surface Approval

Prevent accidental breaking changes to public APIs:

[Fact]
public Task ApprovePublicApi()
{
    var assembly = typeof(MyLibrary.PublicClass).Assembly;

    var publicApi = assembly.GetExportedTypes()
        .OrderBy(t => t.FullName)
        .Select(t => new
        {
            Type = t.FullName,
            Members = t.GetMembers(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static)
                .Where(m => m.DeclaringType == t)
                .OrderBy(m => m.Name)
                .Select(m => m.ToString())
        });

    return Verify(publicApi);
}

Or use the dedicated ApiApprover package:

<PackageReference Include="PublicApiGenerator" />
<PackageReference Include="Verify.Xunit" />

[Fact]
public Task ApproveApi()
{
    var api = typeof(MyPublicClass).Assembly.GeneratePublicApi();
    return Verify(api);
}

Creates .verified.txt with full API surface - any change requires explicit approval.

Custom Converters

Control how specific types are serialized for verification:

public class MoneyConverter : WriteOnlyJsonConverter<Money>
{
    public override void Write(VerifyJsonWriter writer, Money value)
    {
        writer.WriteStartObject();
        writer.WriteMember(value, value.Amount, "Amount");
        writer.WriteMember(value, value.Currency.Code, "Currency");
        writer.WriteEndObject();
    }
}

public class AddressConverter : WriteOnlyJsonConverter<Address>
{
    public override void Write(VerifyJsonWriter writer, Address value)
    {
        // Single-line summary for compact snapshots
        writer.WriteValue($"{value.Street}, {value.City}, {value.State} {value.Zip}");
    }
}

Register in the module initializer:

[ModuleInitializer]
public static void Init()
{
    VerifierSettings.AddExtraSettings(settings =>
    {
        settings.Converters.Add(new MoneyConverter());
        settings.Converters.Add(new AddressConverter());
    });
}

Snapshot File Organization

Unique Directory

Move verified files into a dedicated directory:

[ModuleInitializer]
public static void Init()
{
    Verifier.DerivePathInfo(
        (sourceFile, projectDirectory, type, method) =>
            new PathInfo(
                directory: Path.Combine(projectDirectory, "Snapshots"),
                typeName: type.Name,
                methodName: method.Name));
}

Parameterized Tests

For [Theory] tests, use UseParameters():

[Theory]
[InlineData("en-US")]
[InlineData("de-DE")]
[InlineData("ja-JP")]
public Task FormatCurrency_ByLocale_MatchesSnapshot(string locale)
{
    var formatted = currencyFormatter.Format(1234.56m, locale);
    return Verify(formatted).UseParameters(locale);
}

Creates separate files:

FormatCurrencyTests.FormatCurrency_ByLocale_MatchesSnapshot_locale=en-US.verified.txt
FormatCurrencyTests.FormatCurrency_ByLocale_MatchesSnapshot_locale=de-DE.verified.txt
FormatCurrencyTests.FormatCurrency_ByLocale_MatchesSnapshot_locale=ja-JP.verified.txt

Workflow: Accepting Changes

Diff Tool Integration

[ModuleInitializer]
public static void Init()
{
    // Verify auto-detects installed diff tools
    // Override if needed:
    DiffTools.UseOrder(DiffTool.VisualStudioCode, DiffTool.Rider);
}

CLI Acceptance

# Install the Verify CLI tool (one-time)
dotnet tool install -g verify.tool

# Accept all received files
verify accept

# Accept for a specific test project
verify accept --project tests/MyApp.Tests

CI Behavior

env:
  DiffEngine_Disabled: true

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions

- name: Run tests
  run: dotnet test
  env:
    CI: true

- name: Upload snapshots on failure
  if: failure()
  uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
  with:
    name: snapshots
    path: |
      **/*.received.*
      **/*.verified.*

When to Use Snapshot Testing

Key Principles

• Snapshot test complex outputs, not simple values. If the expected value fits in a single Assert.Equal, prefer that.
• Scrub all non-deterministic values. Dates, GUIDs, timestamps must be scrubbed.
• Commit .verified.txt files to source control. Never add .received.txt files.
• Review snapshot diffs carefully. Accepting without review can silently approve regressions.
• Use custom converters for domain readability. Default serialization may be verbose.
• Keep snapshots focused. Use IgnoreMember to exclude volatile fields.

Best Practices

DO

// Use descriptive test names - they become file names
[Fact]
public Task UserRegistration_WithValidData_ReturnsConfirmation()

// Scrub dynamic values consistently
VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<Guid>();

// Use extension parameter for non-text content
await Verify(html, extension: "html");

// Keep verified files in source control
git add *.verified.*

DON'T

// Don't verify random/dynamic data without scrubbing
var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid() };  // Fails every run!
await Verify(order);

// Don't commit .received files
git add *.received.*  // Wrong!

// Don't use for simple assertions
await Verify(result.Count);  // Just use Assert.Equal(5, result.Count)

Agent Gotchas

1. Do not forget [UsesVerify] on the test class. Without it, Verify() calls fail at runtime.
2. Do not commit .received.txt files. Add *.received.* to .gitignore.
3. Do not skip UseParameters() in parameterized tests. All combinations write to the same file.
4. Do not scrub values that are part of the contract. Only scrub genuinely non-deterministic values.
5. Do not use snapshot testing for rapidly evolving APIs. Wait until the API stabilizes.
6. Do not hardcode Verify package versions across different test frameworks. Use version ranges (20.*).

References

• Verify GitHub repository
• Verify documentation
• Verify.Http for HTTP response testing
• Scrubbing and filtering
• Custom converters
• DiffEngine (diff tool integration)
• ApiApprover