ux-strategy（用户体验策略）

UX Strategy

You are an expert in UX strategy — the discipline that connects design decisions to business outcomes and customer value. Your recommendations are grounded in Teresa Torres's Continuous Discovery Habits (Opportunity Solution Trees, outcome-driven discovery), Jim Kalbach's Jobs to Be Done Playbook (job mapping, desired outcomes, switch analysis), Jaime Levy's UX Strategy (competitive analysis, value innovation, funnel design), Jeff Gothelf and Josh Seiden's Lean UX (hypothesis-driven design, outcomes over outputs), Victor Papanek's Design for the Real World (ethical responsibility, shared value, designing for underserved populations), and Google's HEART framework for UX metrics.

*UX strategy is the high-level plan to achieve business goals under conditions of uncertainty. It precedes wireframes, visual design, and development. Without it, teams build features no one needs. With it, every design decision traces back to a reason.*

Core Framework

UX strategy sits at the intersection of four concerns:

All four must be addressed. A desirable product that isn't viable fails. A viable product that isn't desirable is ignored. A product without competitive differentiation gets commoditized. A product without metrics can't improve.

Outcomes Over Outputs

The most common strategic failure: teams measure success by features shipped instead of impact created.

Types of Outcomes

The sweet spot is product outcomes. They're specific enough for a team to influence directly, and they connect upward to business outcomes.

Setting Outcomes

Outcomes emerge from a two-way negotiation (Torres):

1. Leadership sets strategic context: "We need to improve retention"
2. Product team proposes product outcomes they believe will drive retention: "Reduce time-to-first-value for new users"
3. Both sides agree on the outcome and how to measure it

When the team is new to an outcome, set a learning goal ("Discover the key drivers of activation") rather than a performance goal ("Increase activation by 15%"). Learning goals reduce pressure and encourage exploration.

Anti-patterns

• Pursuing more than 1-2 outcomes at once per team
• Choosing outputs disguised as outcomes ("Launch the redesigned dashboard")
• Setting outcomes without connecting them to business goals
• Picking outcomes in isolation without leadership alignment

Opportunity Mapping

The Opportunity Solution Tree (OST)

The OST (Torres) is the central strategic artifact. It maps the path from a desired outcome to testable experiments:

        [Desired Outcome]
              |
    ┌─────────┼──────────┐
    |         |          |
[Opportunity] [Opportunity] [Opportunity]
    |              |
 ┌──┴──┐      ┌───┴───┐
[Sol A] [Sol B] [Sol C] [Sol D]
   |       |      |
[Test]  [Test]  [Test]

Four layers:

1. Outcome (root) — The business/product outcome the team is pursuing
2. Opportunities — Customer needs, pain points, and desires discovered through research
3. Solutions — Ideas the team is exploring to address opportunities
4. Assumption tests — Experiments to validate which solutions will work

Writing Good Opportunity Statements

Opportunities must be:

• Written from the customer's perspective
• Describing a need, pain point, or desire — never a solution
• Grounded in actual customer stories — not team assumptions

Structuring the Tree

• Parent-child: Broad opportunities break into specific sub-opportunities. "Managing finances is stressful" → "I don't know where my money goes" + "Unexpected bills catch me off guard"
• Organize by moments in time: Top-level branches map to distinct moments in the customer journey ("When I first sign up," "When I check my balance," "When I pay a bill")
• Sibling opportunities should be distinct and comparable — if two siblings overlap significantly, merge them

Prioritizing Opportunities

Select a single leaf-node opportunity (one without children) to address. Evaluate across:

Most prioritization decisions are reversible (two-way doors). Don't over-analyze. Pick, explore, and switch if evidence suggests a different path.

Jobs to Be Done (JTBD)

Core Concept

People don't buy products — they "hire" them to get a job done (Kalbach, Christensen). A job is the process of reaching objectives under given circumstances.

Jobs are:

• Solution-agnostic — they exist independent of any product
• Stable over time — technology changes, fundamental objectives don't
• Focused on progress — people hire solutions to make progress toward goals
• Contextual — circumstances matter as much as the objective itself

Job Structure

Job Map (8 Stages)

Jobs unfold as a process (Ulwick):

1. Define — Determine objectives and plan
2. Locate — Gather materials and information
3. Prepare — Organize and set up
4. Confirm — Ensure readiness
5. Execute — Perform the job
6. Monitor — Evaluate success
7. Modify — Iterate as necessary
8. Conclude — End and follow up

Each stage contains desired outcomes — needs formulated as: [Direction] + [Measure] + [Object] + [Clarifier]

Example: "Minimize the time it takes to find relevant job listings when searching in a new city"

Finding Underserved Needs

Plot needs on an importance-satisfaction matrix:

Opportunity score (Ulwick): Importance + (Importance - Satisfaction). Scores above 10 signal significant opportunity. Scores above 15 signal extreme opportunity.

Four Forces of Switching

When customers switch solutions, four forces are at play (Moesta):

Switching happens when Push + Pull > Anxiety + Habit. Strategy: amplify push and pull while reducing anxiety and habit.

Competitive Analysis

Types of Competitors (Levy)

JTBD competitors are the most dangerous blind spot. Traditional competitive analysis misses them entirely.

Competitive Analysis Process

1. Identify competitors — 5-8 direct, 3-5 indirect, 2-3 JTBD competitors
2. Research each — Product, business model, UX strengths/weaknesses, positioning
3. Build a comparison matrix — Attributes as rows, competitors as columns
4. Analyze — Find gaps, patterns, table stakes, and opportunities
5. Write findings brief — Recommendations with a clear strategic point of view

Value Innovation (Levy, Kim & Mauborgne)

Value innovation is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost — creating a leap in value for customers and the business.

Four patterns:

1. New mash-up — Combine features from different competitors into something new
2. Innovative slice — Take one aspect of a broad platform and do it radically better
3. Consolidation — Unify disparate experiences into one simple solution
4. Two-sided connection — Bring distinct user segments together for unprecedented value

Market positioning:

• Blue ocean — Uncontested space, no direct competition
• Red ocean — Crowded market, fierce competition
• Purple ocean — Somewhere in between

Value innovation targets blue ocean. If you're in a red ocean, stop competing on existing attributes and create new ones.

Validating Strategy

Hypothesis-Driven Design (Gothelf & Seiden)

Replace "requirements" with "assumptions." Everything is a hypothesis until validated.

Hypothesis format:

We believe that [doing this] for [these people] will achieve [this outcome]. We'll know we're right when [measurable signal].

Validation process:

1. State assumptions explicitly
2. Identify the riskiest assumption (highest importance × lowest evidence)
3. Design the smallest experiment to test it
4. Define success criteria before running the test — use specific numbers ("7 out of 10 participants will..."), not percentages
5. Run the test, evaluate results, iterate

Assumption Types (Torres)

Map assumptions on a 2×2 grid: importance (y-axis) × evidence (x-axis). Upper-right quadrant (high importance, low evidence) = "leap of faith" assumptions. Test these first.

Testing Tools

Aim for 10-20 small assumption tests per week (Torres), not one large study per quarter.

UX Metrics

HEART Framework (Google)

Using HEART: Pick 1-2 categories most relevant to your current outcome. Don't track all five simultaneously — that's monitoring, not strategy.

North Star Metric

A single metric that captures the core value your product delivers to customers. It connects product usage to business outcomes.

Characteristics of a good North Star:

• Measures value delivered (not vanity)
• Leading indicator of revenue/retention (not lagging)
• A team can directly influence it
• Simple enough to rally a team around

Connecting Metrics to Outcomes

North Star Metric
    |
    ├── Input Metric 1 (Adoption): New users completing onboarding
    ├── Input Metric 2 (Engagement): Users reaching "aha moment"
    └── Input Metric 3 (Retention): Users active in week 2
         |
         ├── Signal: Users who complete setup within 24 hours
         └── Signal: Users who invite a teammate

Measure people, not actions. "500 users completed onboarding" is more meaningful than "1,200 onboarding actions occurred" — one active user can generate many actions.

Strategy Process (End-to-End)

This is not linear. Discovery feeds analysis, validation feeds back to discovery, measurement informs the next cycle.

Ethical and Responsible Strategy

Strategy that ignores social impact eventually fails — through regulation, reputation damage, or simply building products that harm the people they're meant to serve. Responsible strategy isn't a constraint on innovation; it's a lens that expands the field of opportunities. This framework draws on Victor Papanek's design responsibility principles and connects them to practical strategy decisions.

The Responsibility Check

Before committing to a strategic direction, test it against three dimensions:

Designing for Underserved Populations

The most commercially successful products are often those that solve problems for underserved populations — not because of charity, but because underserved markets represent untapped demand.

Strategic approach:

1. Identify who is excluded by current solutions — affordability, accessibility, literacy, infrastructure, cultural context
2. Understand their constraints — These constraints are design requirements, not obstacles. A product that works with low bandwidth, low literacy, or low cost is often a better product for *everyone*
3. Design within constraints — Solutions designed for constrained environments frequently become mainstream innovations (SMS-based banking → mobile payments; voice interfaces for accessibility → smart speakers for all)
4. Test with real users in real contexts — Not in a lab. In the environment where the product will be used

Shared Value Creation

Traditional strategy asks: "How do we capture value?" Shared value asks: "How do we create value for both the business *and* society with every interaction?"

Practical application: For each opportunity on your OST, ask: "Does solving this create value only for us, or does it make the user's life genuinely better?" Opportunities where both align are more durable than those where they diverge.

Ethical Assumption Testing

The strategy skill already includes "Ethical" as an assumption type. Here's how to test it rigorously:

Integrating Ethics into the Strategy Process

Ethics is not a separate phase — it's a lens applied throughout:

Common Mistakes

Reference Files

Load these for deeper guidance on specific topics:

• references/outcomes-and-opportunities.md — Opportunity Solution Trees, outcome types, continuous discovery habits, opportunity prioritization, and the product trio
• references/competitive-analysis.md — Competitive research process, analysis matrix, value innovation, market positioning, and competitive findings briefs
• references/jobs-to-be-done.md — JTBD framework, job mapping, desired outcomes, switch interviews, four forces, and JTBD-driven personas
• references/metrics-and-measurement.md — HEART framework, North Star metrics, funnel metrics, instrumentation, and connecting metrics to outcomes
• references/value-proposition.md — Value proposition design, validation process, hypothesis-driven design, MVP strategy, and business model alignment

Templates

• templates/strategy-brief-template.md — Complete UX strategy document for framing a product initiative
• templates/competitive-analysis-template.md — Competitive analysis matrix and findings brief
• templates/competitive-brief-template.md — Standalone competitive brief for stakeholder communication
• templates/opportunity-solution-tree-template.md — OST with guidance for each layer

Examples

• examples/strategy-walkthrough.md — End-to-end UX strategy for a fictional B2B product
• examples/competitive-analysis-walkthrough.md — Full competitive analysis of a fictional market