unit-testing（单元测试）

unit-testing

Practical, production-ready testing patterns for Python projects using pytest.

Overview

pytest makes it easy to write small, readable tests and scale to large suites. It provides plain assert statements, fixtures for dependency injection, parametrization, and a powerful plugin system.

When to Use

• Adding unit tests for new code paths
• Refactoring with regression coverage
• Designing clean setup/teardown with fixtures
• Handling flaky tests with deterministic patterns

When Not to Use

• End-to-end browser tests (use Playwright or Selenium)
• Non-Python services (use their native frameworks)

Quick Start

uv pip install pytest
pytest
pytest tests/test_example.py -q

Core Patterns

1. Plain asserts: pytest introspects failures without self.assert*.
2. Fixtures: reusable setup/teardown with @pytest.fixture and yield.
3. Parametrization: cover edge cases without duplication.
4. Markers: @pytest.mark.slow, @pytest.mark.xfail, @pytest.mark.skipif.
5. Temporary paths: tmp_path for filesystem-safe tests.
6. Monkeypatching: override env, functions, or paths safely.

Configuration

Use pyproject.toml to standardize test discovery and markers:

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
minversion = "6.0"
testpaths = ["tests"]
python_files = ["test_*.py", "*_test.py"]
markers = [
  "slow: marks tests as slow",
  "integration: marks tests as integration tests",
  "unit: marks tests as unit tests",
]
addopts = ["-ra", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]

Example: Fixtures with Teardown

import pytest
import sqlite3

@pytest.fixture
def db(tmp_path):
    db_path = tmp_path / "test.db"
    conn = sqlite3.connect(db_path)
    yield conn
    conn.close()

def test_insert(db):
    cur = db.cursor()
    cur.execute("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER)")
    cur.execute("INSERT INTO users (id) VALUES (1)")
    db.commit()
    cur.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users")
    assert cur.fetchone()[0] == 1

Example: Parametrization with Marks

import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "value,expected",
    [
        (1, 2),
        pytest.param(1, 0, marks=pytest.mark.xfail),
        (2, 3),
    ],
)
def test_increment(value, expected):
    assert value + 1 == expected

Example: tmp_path + monkeypatch

def test_chdir(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
    subdir = tmp_path / "work"
    subdir.mkdir()
    monkeypatch.chdir(subdir)
    assert subdir.exists()

Troubleshooting

• Tests not collected: confirm file names match test_*.py or *_test.py.
• Unknown marker warnings: register markers in config or enable --strict-markers.
• Flaky tests: remove randomness, fix time dependencies, avoid shared global state.

References

• https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/
• https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/fixtures.html
• https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/parametrize.html
• https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/monkeypatch.html