ui-testing（用户界面测试）

UI Testing Skill

Expert in UI testing with Cypress and Testing Library. For deep Playwright expertise, see the e2e-playwright skill.

Framework Selection Guide

1. Cypress (E2E Testing)

Why Cypress?

• Developer-friendly API
• Real-time reloading
• Time-travel debugging
• Screenshot/video recording
• Stubbing and mocking built-in

Basic Test

describe('User Authentication', () => {
  it('should login with valid credentials', () => {
    cy.visit('/login');

    cy.get('input[name="email"]').type('user@example.com');
    cy.get('input[name="password"]').type('SecurePass123!');
    cy.get('button[type="submit"]').click();

    cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');
    cy.get('h1').should('have.text', 'Welcome, User');
  });

  it('should show error with invalid credentials', () => {
    cy.visit('/login');

    cy.get('input[name="email"]').type('wrong@example.com');
    cy.get('input[name="password"]').type('WrongPass');
    cy.get('button[type="submit"]').click();

    cy.get('.error-message')
      .should('be.visible')
      .and('have.text', 'Invalid credentials');
  });
});

Custom Commands (Reusable Actions)

// cypress/support/commands.js
Cypress.Commands.add('login', (email, password) => {
  cy.visit('/login');
  cy.get('input[name="email"]').type(email);
  cy.get('input[name="password"]').type(password);
  cy.get('button[type="submit"]').click();
  cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');
});

// Usage in tests
it('should display dashboard for logged-in user', () => {
  cy.login('user@example.com', 'SecurePass123!');
  cy.get('h1').should('have.text', 'Dashboard');
});

API Mocking with Intercept

it('should display mocked user data', () => {
  cy.intercept('GET', '/api/user', {
    statusCode: 200,
    body: {
      id: 1,
      name: 'Mock User',
      email: 'mock@example.com',
    },
  }).as('getUser');

  cy.visit('/profile');

  cy.wait('@getUser');
  cy.get('.user-name').should('have.text', 'Mock User');
});

3. React Testing Library (Component Tests)

Why Testing Library?

• User-centric queries (accessibility-first)
• Encourages best practices (testing behavior, not implementation)
• Works with React, Vue, Svelte, Angular

Component Test Example

import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react';
import { LoginForm } from './LoginForm';

describe('LoginForm', () => {
  it('should render email and password inputs', () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    expect(screen.getByLabelText('Email')).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByLabelText('Password')).toBeInTheDocument();
  });

  it('should call onSubmit with email and password', async () => {
    const handleSubmit = vi.fn();
    render(<LoginForm onSubmit={handleSubmit} />);

    // Type into inputs
    fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), {
      target: { value: 'user@example.com' },
    });
    fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Password'), {
      target: { value: 'SecurePass123!' },
    });

    // Submit form
    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /login/i }));

    // Verify callback
    expect(handleSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
      email: 'user@example.com',
      password: 'SecurePass123!',
    });
  });

  it('should show validation error for invalid email', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), {
      target: { value: 'invalid-email' },
    });
    fireEvent.blur(screen.getByLabelText('Email'));

    expect(await screen.findByText('Invalid email format')).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

User-Centric Queries (Preferred)

// ✅ GOOD: Accessible queries (user-facing)
screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i });
screen.getByLabelText('Email');
screen.getByPlaceholderText('Enter your email');
screen.getByText('Welcome');

// ❌ BAD: Implementation-detail queries (fragile)
screen.getByClassName('btn-primary'); // Changes when CSS changes
screen.getByTestId('submit-button'); // Not user-facing

Test Strategies

1. Testing Pyramid

         /\
        /  \  E2E (10%)
       /____\
      /      \  Integration (30%)
     /________\
    /          \  Unit (60%)
   /____________\

Unit Tests (60%):

• Individual components in isolation
• Fast, cheap, many tests
• Mock external dependencies

Integration Tests (30%):

• Multiple components working together
• API integration, data flow
• Moderate speed, moderate cost

E2E Tests (10%):

• Full user journeys (login → checkout)
• Slowest, most expensive
• Critical paths only

2. Test Coverage Strategy

What to Test:

• ✅ Happy paths (core user flows)
• ✅ Error states (validation, API failures)
• ✅ Edge cases (empty states, max limits)
• ✅ Accessibility (keyboard navigation, screen readers)
• ✅ Regression bugs (add test for each bug fix)

What NOT to Test:

• ❌ Third-party libraries (assume they work)
• ❌ Implementation details (internal state, CSS classes)
• ❌ Trivial code (getters, setters)

3. Flakiness Mitigation

Common Causes of Flaky Tests:

1. Race Conditions

❌ Bad:

await page.click('button');
const text = await page.textContent('.result'); // May fail!

✅ Good:

await page.click('button');
await page.waitForSelector('.result'); // Wait for element
const text = await page.textContent('.result');

1. Non-Deterministic Data

❌ Bad:

expect(page.locator('.user')).toHaveCount(5); // Depends on database state

✅ Good:

// Mock API to return deterministic data
await page.route('**/api/users', (route) =>
  route.fulfill({
    body: JSON.stringify([{ id: 1, name: 'User 1' }, { id: 2, name: 'User 2' }]),
  })
);

expect(page.locator('.user')).toHaveCount(2); // Predictable

1. Timing Issues

❌ Bad:

await page.waitForTimeout(3000); // Arbitrary wait

✅ Good:

await page.waitForSelector('.loaded'); // Wait for specific condition
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle'); // Wait for network idle

1. Test Interdependence

❌ Bad:

test('create user', async () => {
  // Creates user in DB
});

test('login user', async () => {
  // Depends on previous test creating user
});

✅ Good:

test.beforeEach(async () => {
  // Each test creates its own user
  await createTestUser();
});

test.afterEach(async () => {
  await cleanupTestUsers();
});

Accessibility Testing

1. Automated Accessibility Tests (axe-core)

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';

test('should have no accessibility violations', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com');

  const accessibilityScanResults = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).analyze();

  expect(accessibilityScanResults.violations).toEqual([]);
});

2. Keyboard Navigation

test('should navigate form with keyboard', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/form');

  // Tab through form fields
  await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
  await expect(page.locator('input[name="email"]')).toBeFocused();

  await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
  await expect(page.locator('input[name="password"]')).toBeFocused();

  await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
  await expect(page.locator('button[type="submit"]')).toBeFocused();

  // Submit with Enter
  await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
  await expect(page).toHaveURL('**/dashboard');
});

3. Screen Reader Testing (aria-label, roles)

test('should have proper ARIA labels', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/login');

  // Verify accessible names
  await expect(page.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Email' })).toBeVisible();
  await expect(page.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Password' })).toBeVisible();
  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Login' })).toBeVisible();

  // Verify error announcements (aria-live)
  await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'invalid-email');
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]');

  const errorRegion = page.locator('[role="alert"]');
  await expect(errorRegion).toHaveText('Invalid email format');
});

CI/CD Integration

1. GitHub Actions (Playwright)

name: E2E Tests

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: 18

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci

      - name: Install Playwright browsers
        run: npx playwright install --with-deps

      - name: Run Playwright tests
        run: npx playwright test

      - name: Upload test results
        if: always()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/

2. Parallel Execution

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  workers: process.env.CI ? 2 : undefined, // Parallel in CI
  fullyParallel: true,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0, // Retry flaky tests in CI
  reporter: process.env.CI ? 'github' : 'html',
});

3. Sharding (Large Test Suites)

# Split tests across 4 machines
npx playwright test --shard=1/4
npx playwright test --shard=2/4
npx playwright test --shard=3/4
npx playwright test --shard=4/4

Best Practices

1. Use Data Attributes for Stable Selectors

<!-- ✅ GOOD: Stable selector -->
<button data-testid="submit-button">Submit</button>

<!-- ❌ BAD: Fragile selectors -->
<button class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button> <!-- CSS changes break tests -->

// Test
await page.click('[data-testid="submit-button"]');

2. Test User Behavior, Not Implementation

❌ Bad:

// Testing internal state
expect(component.state.isLoading).toBe(true);

✅ Good:

// Testing visible UI
expect(screen.getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument();

3. Keep Tests Independent

// ✅ GOOD: Each test is independent
test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');
  await login(page, 'user@example.com', 'password');
});

test('test 1', async ({ page }) => {
  // Fresh state
});

test('test 2', async ({ page }) => {
  // Fresh state
});

4. Use Meaningful Assertions

❌ Bad:

expect(true).toBe(true); // Useless assertion

✅ Good:

await expect(page.locator('.success-message')).toHaveText(
  'Order placed successfully'
);

5. Avoid Hard-Coded Waits

❌ Bad:

await page.waitForTimeout(5000); // Slow, brittle

✅ Good:

await page.waitForSelector('.results'); // Wait for specific element
await expect(page.locator('.results')).toBeVisible(); // Built-in wait

Debugging Tests

1. Headed Mode (See Browser)

npx playwright test --headed
npx playwright test --headed --debug # Pause on each step

2. Screenshot on Failure

test.afterEach(async ({ page }, testInfo) => {
  if (testInfo.status !== 'passed') {
    await page.screenshot({ path: `failure-${testInfo.title}.png` });
  }
});

3. Trace Viewer (Time-Travel Debugging)

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  use: {
    trace: 'on-first-retry', // Record trace on retry
  },
});

# View trace
npx playwright show-trace trace.zip

4. Console Logs

page.on('console', (msg) => console.log('Browser log:', msg.text()));
page.on('pageerror', (error) => console.error('Page error:', error));

Common Patterns

1. Testing Forms

test('should validate form fields', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/form');

  // Empty submission (validation)
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
  await expect(page.locator('.email-error')).toHaveText('Email is required');

  // Invalid email
  await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'invalid');
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
  await expect(page.locator('.email-error')).toHaveText('Invalid email format');

  // Valid submission
  await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'user@example.com');
  await page.fill('input[name="password"]', 'SecurePass123!');
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
  await expect(page).toHaveURL('**/success');
});

2. Testing Modals

test('should open and close modal', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');

  // Open modal
  await page.click('[data-testid="open-modal"]');
  await expect(page.locator('.modal')).toBeVisible();

  // Close with X button
  await page.click('.modal .close-button');
  await expect(page.locator('.modal')).not.toBeVisible();

  // Open again, close with Escape
  await page.click('[data-testid="open-modal"]');
  await page.keyboard.press('Escape');
  await expect(page.locator('.modal')).not.toBeVisible();
});

3. Testing Drag and Drop

test('should drag and drop items', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/kanban');

  const todoItem = page.locator('[data-testid="item-1"]');
  const doneColumn = page.locator('[data-testid="column-done"]');

  // Drag item from TODO to DONE
  await todoItem.dragTo(doneColumn);

  // Verify item moved
  await expect(doneColumn.locator('[data-testid="item-1"]')).toBeVisible();
});

Resources

• Playwright Documentation
• Cypress Documentation
• Testing Library
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)

Activation Keywords

Ask me about:

• "How to write E2E tests with Playwright"
• "Cypress test examples"
• "React Testing Library best practices"
• "Page Object Model for UI tests"
• "Accessibility testing with axe-core"
• "How to fix flaky tests"
• "CI/CD integration for UI tests"
• "Debugging Playwright tests"
• "Test automation strategies"