typescript-advanced（TypeScript 高级）

TypeScript Advanced Types

Comprehensive guidance for mastering TypeScript's advanced type system including generics, conditional types, mapped types, template literal types, and utility types for building robust, type-safe applications.

Quick Reference

See references/best-practices.md for practical guidelines on:

• Configuration: Essential tsconfig.json settings (strict, noUncheckedIndexedAccess, exactOptionalPropertyTypes)
• Type Inference vs Explicit Types: When to annotate vs let TypeScript infer
• Interfaces vs Types: Strategic guidelines for choosing between them
• Module/Path Mapping: tsconfig paths and barrel exports patterns
• Error Handling: Custom error classes and Result pattern
• Performance: Type system performance considerations
• Type Testing: Expect<Equal<X, Y>> patterns for compile-time type tests

When to Use This Skill

• Building type-safe libraries or frameworks
• Creating reusable generic components
• Implementing complex type inference logic
• Designing type-safe API clients
• Building form validation systems
• Creating strongly-typed configuration objects
• Implementing type-safe state management
• Migrating JavaScript codebases to TypeScript

Core Concepts

1. Generics

Purpose: Create reusable, type-flexible components while maintaining type safety.

Basic Generic Function:

function identity<T>(value: T): T {
  return value;
}

const num = identity<number>(42); // Type: number
const str = identity<string>("hello"); // Type: string
const auto = identity(true); // Type inferred: boolean

Generic Constraints:

interface HasLength {
  length: number;
}

function logLength<T extends HasLength>(item: T): T {
  console.log(item.length);
  return item;
}

logLength("hello"); // OK: string has length
logLength([1, 2, 3]); // OK: array has length
logLength({ length: 10 }); // OK: object has length
// logLength(42);             // Error: number has no length

Multiple Type Parameters:

function merge<T, U>(obj1: T, obj2: U): T & U {
  return { ...obj1, ...obj2 };
}

const merged = merge({ name: "John" }, { age: 30 });
// Type: { name: string } & { age: number }

2. Conditional Types

Purpose: Create types that depend on conditions, enabling sophisticated type logic.

Basic Conditional Type:

type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false;

type A = IsString<string>; // true
type B = IsString<number>; // false

Extracting Return Types:

type ReturnType<T> = T extends (...args: any[]) => infer R ? R : never;

function getUser() {
  return { id: 1, name: "John" };
}

type User = ReturnType<typeof getUser>;
// Type: { id: number; name: string; }

Distributive Conditional Types:

type ToArray<T> = T extends any ? T[] : never;

type StrOrNumArray = ToArray<string | number>;
// Type: string[] | number[]

Nested Conditions:

type TypeName<T> = T extends string
  ? "string"
  : T extends number
    ? "number"
    : T extends boolean
      ? "boolean"
      : T extends undefined
        ? "undefined"
        : T extends Function
          ? "function"
          : "object";

type T1 = TypeName<string>; // "string"
type T2 = TypeName<() => void>; // "function"

3. Mapped Types

Purpose: Transform existing types by iterating over their properties.

Basic Mapped Type:

type Readonly<T> = {
  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
};

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
}

type ReadonlyUser = Readonly<User>;
// Type: { readonly id: number; readonly name: string; }

Optional Properties:

type Partial<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P];
};

type PartialUser = Partial<User>;
// Type: { id?: number; name?: string; }

Key Remapping:

type Getters<T> = {
  [K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K];
};

interface Person {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}

type PersonGetters = Getters<Person>;
// Type: { getName: () => string; getAge: () => number; }

Filtering Properties:

type PickByType<T, U> = {
  [K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? K : never]: T[K];
};

interface Mixed {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  age: number;
  active: boolean;
}

type OnlyNumbers = PickByType<Mixed, number>;
// Type: { id: number; age: number; }

4. Template Literal Types

Purpose: Create string-based types with pattern matching and transformation.

Basic Template Literal:

type EventName = "click" | "focus" | "blur";
type EventHandler = `on${Capitalize<EventName>}`;
// Type: "onClick" | "onFocus" | "onBlur"

String Manipulation:

type UppercaseGreeting = Uppercase<"hello">; // "HELLO"
type LowercaseGreeting = Lowercase<"HELLO">; // "hello"
type CapitalizedName = Capitalize<"john">; // "John"
type UncapitalizedName = Uncapitalize<"John">; // "john"

Path Building:

type Path<T> = T extends object
  ? { [K in keyof T]: K extends string ? `${K}` | `${K}.${Path<T[K]>}` : never }[keyof T]
  : never;

interface Config {
  server: {
    host: string;
    port: number;
  };
  database: {
    url: string;
  };
}

type ConfigPath = Path<Config>;
// Type: "server" | "database" | "server.host" | "server.port" | "database.url"

5. Utility Types

Built-in Utility Types:

// Partial<T> - Make all properties optional
type PartialUser = Partial<User>;

// Required<T> - Make all properties required
type RequiredUser = Required<PartialUser>;

// Readonly<T> - Make all properties readonly
type ReadonlyUser = Readonly<User>;

// Pick<T, K> - Select specific properties
type UserName = Pick<User, "name" | "email">;

// Omit<T, K> - Remove specific properties
type UserWithoutPassword = Omit<User, "password">;

// Exclude<T, U> - Exclude types from union
type T1 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a">; // "b" | "c"

// Extract<T, U> - Extract types from union
type T2 = Extract<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b">; // "a" | "b"

// NonNullable<T> - Exclude null and undefined
type T3 = NonNullable<string | null | undefined>; // string

// Record<K, T> - Create object type with keys K and values T
type PageInfo = Record<"home" | "about", { title: string }>;

Advanced Patterns

Pattern 1: Type-Safe Event Emitter

type EventMap = {
  "user:created": { id: string; name: string };
  "user:updated": { id: string };
  "user:deleted": { id: string };
};

class TypedEventEmitter<T extends Record<string, any>> {
  private listeners: {
    [K in keyof T]?: Array<(data: T[K]) => void>;
  } = {};

  on<K extends keyof T>(event: K, callback: (data: T[K]) => void): void {
    if (!this.listeners[event]) {
      this.listeners[event] = [];
    }
    this.listeners[event]!.push(callback);
  }

  emit<K extends keyof T>(event: K, data: T[K]): void {
    const callbacks = this.listeners[event];
    if (callbacks) {
      callbacks.forEach(callback => callback(data));
    }
  }
}

const emitter = new TypedEventEmitter<EventMap>();

emitter.on("user:created", data => {
  console.log(data.id, data.name); // Type-safe!
});

emitter.emit("user:created", { id: "1", name: "John" });
// emitter.emit("user:created", { id: "1" });  // Error: missing 'name'

Pattern 2: Type-Safe API Client

type HTTPMethod = "GET" | "POST" | "PUT" | "DELETE";

type EndpointConfig = {
  "/users": {
    GET: { response: User[] };
    POST: { body: { name: string; email: string }; response: User };
  };
  "/users/:id": {
    GET: { params: { id: string }; response: User };
    PUT: { params: { id: string }; body: Partial<User>; response: User };
    DELETE: { params: { id: string }; response: void };
  };
};

type ExtractParams<T> = T extends { params: infer P } ? P : never;
type ExtractBody<T> = T extends { body: infer B } ? B : never;
type ExtractResponse<T> = T extends { response: infer R } ? R : never;

class APIClient<Config extends Record<string, Record<HTTPMethod, any>>> {
  async request<Path extends keyof Config, Method extends keyof Config[Path]>(
    path: Path,
    method: Method,
    ...[options]: ExtractParams<Config[Path][Method]> extends never
      ? ExtractBody<Config[Path][Method]> extends never
        ? []
        : [{ body: ExtractBody<Config[Path][Method]> }]
      : [
          {
            params: ExtractParams<Config[Path][Method]>;
            body?: ExtractBody<Config[Path][Method]>;
          },
        ]
  ): Promise<ExtractResponse<Config[Path][Method]>> {
    // Implementation here
    return {} as any;
  }
}

const api = new APIClient<EndpointConfig>();

// Type-safe API calls
const users = await api.request("/users", "GET");
// Type: User[]

const newUser = await api.request("/users", "POST", {
  body: { name: "John", email: "john@example.com" },
});
// Type: User

const user = await api.request("/users/:id", "GET", {
  params: { id: "123" },
});
// Type: User

Pattern 3: Builder Pattern with Type Safety

type BuilderState<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]: T[K] | undefined;
};

type RequiredKeys<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]-?: {} extends Pick<T, K> ? never : K;
}[keyof T];

type OptionalKeys<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]-?: {} extends Pick<T, K> ? K : never;
}[keyof T];

type IsComplete<T, S> =
  RequiredKeys<T> extends keyof S ? (S[RequiredKeys<T>] extends undefined ? false : true) : false;

class Builder<T, S extends BuilderState<T> = {}> {
  private state: S = {} as S;

  set<K extends keyof T>(key: K, value: T[K]): Builder<T, S & Record<K, T[K]>> {
    this.state[key] = value;
    return this as any;
  }

  build(this: IsComplete<T, S> extends true ? this : never): T {
    return this.state as T;
  }
}

interface User {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  email: string;
  age?: number;
}

const builder = new Builder<User>();

const user = builder.set("id", "1").set("name", "John").set("email", "john@example.com").build(); // OK: all required fields set

// const incomplete = builder
//   .set("id", "1")
//   .build();  // Error: missing required fields

Pattern 4: Deep Readonly/Partial

type DeepReadonly<T> = {
  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P] extends object
    ? T[P] extends Function
      ? T[P]
      : DeepReadonly<T[P]>
    : T[P];
};

type DeepPartial<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P] extends object
    ? T[P] extends Array<infer U>
      ? Array<DeepPartial<U>>
      : DeepPartial<T[P]>
    : T[P];
};

interface Config {
  server: {
    host: string;
    port: number;
    ssl: {
      enabled: boolean;
      cert: string;
    };
  };
  database: {
    url: string;
    pool: {
      min: number;
      max: number;
    };
  };
}

type ReadonlyConfig = DeepReadonly<Config>;
// All nested properties are readonly

type PartialConfig = DeepPartial<Config>;
// All nested properties are optional

Pattern 5: Type-Safe Form Validation

type ValidationRule<T> = {
  validate: (value: T) => boolean;
  message: string;
};

type FieldValidation<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]?: ValidationRule<T[K]>[];
};

type ValidationErrors<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]?: string[];
};

class FormValidator<T extends Record<string, any>> {
  constructor(private rules: FieldValidation<T>) {}

  validate(data: T): ValidationErrors<T> | null {
    const errors: ValidationErrors<T> = {};
    let hasErrors = false;

    for (const key in this.rules) {
      const fieldRules = this.rules[key];
      const value = data[key];

      if (fieldRules) {
        const fieldErrors: string[] = [];

        for (const rule of fieldRules) {
          if (!rule.validate(value)) {
            fieldErrors.push(rule.message);
          }
        }

        if (fieldErrors.length > 0) {
          errors[key] = fieldErrors;
          hasErrors = true;
        }
      }
    }

    return hasErrors ? errors : null;
  }
}

interface LoginForm {
  email: string;
  password: string;
}

const validator = new FormValidator<LoginForm>({
  email: [
    {
      validate: v => v.includes("@"),
      message: "Email must contain @",
    },
    {
      validate: v => v.length > 0,
      message: "Email is required",
    },
  ],
  password: [
    {
      validate: v => v.length >= 8,
      message: "Password must be at least 8 characters",
    },
  ],
});

const errors = validator.validate({
  email: "invalid",
  password: "short",
});
// Type: { email?: string[]; password?: string[]; } | null

Pattern 6: Discriminated Unions

type Success<T> = {
  status: "success";
  data: T;
};

type Error = {
  status: "error";
  error: string;
};

type Loading = {
  status: "loading";
};

type AsyncState<T> = Success<T> | Error | Loading;

function handleState<T>(state: AsyncState<T>): void {
  switch (state.status) {
    case "success":
      console.log(state.data); // Type: T
      break;
    case "error":
      console.log(state.error); // Type: string
      break;
    case "loading":
      console.log("Loading...");
      break;
  }
}

// Type-safe state machine
type State =
  | { type: "idle" }
  | { type: "fetching"; requestId: string }
  | { type: "success"; data: any }
  | { type: "error"; error: Error };

type Event =
  | { type: "FETCH"; requestId: string }
  | { type: "SUCCESS"; data: any }
  | { type: "ERROR"; error: Error }
  | { type: "RESET" };

function reducer(state: State, event: Event): State {
  switch (state.type) {
    case "idle":
      return event.type === "FETCH" ? { type: "fetching", requestId: event.requestId } : state;
    case "fetching":
      if (event.type === "SUCCESS") {
        return { type: "success", data: event.data };
      }
      if (event.type === "ERROR") {
        return { type: "error", error: event.error };
      }
      return state;
    case "success":
    case "error":
      return event.type === "RESET" ? { type: "idle" } : state;
  }
}

Type Inference Techniques

1. Infer Keyword

// Extract array element type
type ElementType<T> = T extends (infer U)[] ? U : never;

type NumArray = number[];
type Num = ElementType<NumArray>; // number

// Extract promise type
type PromiseType<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? U : never;

type AsyncNum = PromiseType<Promise<number>>; // number

// Extract function parameters
type Parameters<T> = T extends (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never;

function foo(a: string, b: number) {}
type FooParams = Parameters<typeof foo>; // [string, number]

2. Type Guards

function isString(value: unknown): value is string {
  return typeof value === "string";
}

function isArrayOf<T>(value: unknown, guard: (item: unknown) => item is T): value is T[] {
  return Array.isArray(value) && value.every(guard);
}

const data: unknown = ["a", "b", "c"];

if (isArrayOf(data, isString)) {
  data.forEach(s => s.toUpperCase()); // Type: string[]
}

3. Assertion Functions

function assertIsString(value: unknown): asserts value is string {
  if (typeof value !== "string") {
    throw new Error("Not a string");
  }
}

function processValue(value: unknown) {
  assertIsString(value);
  // value is now typed as string
  console.log(value.toUpperCase());
}

Best Practices

For detailed configuration and patterns, see references/best-practices.md.

Core Guidelines

1. Use unknown over any: Enforce type checking
2. Prefer interface for object shapes: Better error messages, declaration merging
3. Use type for unions and complex types: More flexible for computed types
4. Leverage type inference: Let TypeScript infer when possible
5. Create helper types: Build reusable type utilities
6. Use const assertions: Preserve literal types
7. Avoid type assertions: Use type guards instead
8. Document complex types: Add JSDoc comments
9. Use strict mode: Enable all strict compiler options
10. Test your types: Use type tests to verify type behavior

Type Strategy Summary

Recommended tsconfig.json Settings

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,
    "moduleResolution": "Bundler"
  }
}

Type Testing

For detailed patterns, see references/best-practices.md.

// Type assertion tests - basic version
type AssertEqual<T, U> = [T] extends [U] ? ([U] extends [T] ? true : false) : false;

// More robust equality check (handles edge cases better)
type Expect<T extends true> = T;
type Equal<X, Y> = (<T>() => T extends X ? 1 : 2) extends <T>() => T extends Y ? 1 : 2
  ? true
  : false;

// Usage examples
type Test1 = Expect<Equal<string, string>>; // passes
type Test2 = Expect<Equal<string, number>>; // fails at compile time

// Test type behavior at compile time
type TestReturnType = Expect<
  Equal<ReturnType<typeof myFunction>, ExpectedType>
>;

// Expect error helper
type ExpectError<T extends never> = T;

// Example usage
type ShouldError = ExpectError<AssertEqual<string, number>>;

Common Pitfalls

1. Over-using any: Defeats the purpose of TypeScript
2. Ignoring strict null checks: Can lead to runtime errors
3. Too complex types: Can slow down compilation
4. Not using discriminated unions: Misses type narrowing opportunities
5. Forgetting readonly modifiers: Allows unintended mutations
6. Circular type references: Can cause compiler errors
7. Not handling edge cases: Like empty arrays or null values

Performance Considerations

For detailed examples, see references/best-practices.md.

• Avoid deeply nested conditional types
• Use simple types when possible
• Cache complex type computations
• Limit recursion depth in recursive types
• Use build tools to skip type checking in production
• Prefer type guards over type assertions for runtime safety
• Keep union types small and simple in hot paths

Resources

• TypeScript Handbook: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/
• Type Challenges: https://github.com/type-challenges/type-challenges
• TypeScript Deep Dive: https://basarat.gitbook.io/typescript/
• Effective TypeScript: Book by Dan Vanderkam