flutter-development（Flutter 开发）

Flutter Development

Build beautiful, natively compiled applications for mobile, web, desktop, and embedded from a single codebase.

Supported Platforms

Project Structure

my_app/
├── lib/
│   ├── main.dart
│   ├── app.dart
│   ├── features/
│   │   ├── home/
│   │   │   ├── home_screen.dart
│   │   │   ├── home_controller.dart
│   │   │   └── widgets/
│   │   └── settings/
│   ├── core/
│   │   ├── theme/
│   │   ├── utils/
│   │   └── constants/
│   └── shared/
│       ├── models/
│       ├── services/
│       └── widgets/
├── test/
├── pubspec.yaml
└── analysis_options.yaml

Basic Structure

Main Entry

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'My App',
      theme: ThemeData(
        colorScheme: ColorScheme.fromSeed(seedColor: Colors.blue),
        useMaterial3: true,
      ),
      home: const HomeScreen(),
    );
  }
}

Stateless Widget

class GreetingCard extends StatelessWidget {
  const GreetingCard({
    super.key,
    required this.name,
  });

  final String name;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Card(
      child: Padding(
        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16),
        child: Text(
          'Hello, $name!',
          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Stateful Widget

class Counter extends StatefulWidget {
  const Counter({super.key});

  @override
  State<Counter> createState() => _CounterState();
}

class _CounterState extends State<Counter> {
  int _count = 0;

  void _increment() {
    setState(() {
      _count++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
      children: [
        Text(
          'Count: $_count',
          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineLarge,
        ),
        const SizedBox(height: 16),
        ElevatedButton(
          onPressed: _increment,
          child: const Text('Increment'),
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

State Management

Riverpod (Recommended)

// Provider definition
final counterProvider = StateNotifierProvider<CounterNotifier, int>((ref) {
  return CounterNotifier();
});

class CounterNotifier extends StateNotifier<int> {
  CounterNotifier() : super(0);

  void increment() => state++;
  void decrement() => state--;
}

// Usage in widget
class CounterScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  const CounterScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    final count = ref.watch(counterProvider);

    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Text('Count: $count'),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: () => ref.read(counterProvider.notifier).increment(),
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Async provider
final itemsProvider = FutureProvider<List<Item>>((ref) async {
  final repository = ref.watch(repositoryProvider);
  return repository.fetchItems();
});

BLoC Pattern

// Events
abstract class CounterEvent {}
class IncrementPressed extends CounterEvent {}
class DecrementPressed extends CounterEvent {}

// State
class CounterState {
  final int count;
  const CounterState(this.count);
}

// BLoC
class CounterBloc extends Bloc<CounterEvent, CounterState> {
  CounterBloc() : super(const CounterState(0)) {
    on<IncrementPressed>((event, emit) {
      emit(CounterState(state.count + 1));
    });
    on<DecrementPressed>((event, emit) {
      emit(CounterState(state.count - 1));
    });
  }
}

// Usage
BlocBuilder<CounterBloc, CounterState>(
  builder: (context, state) {
    return Text('Count: ${state.count}');
  },
)

Navigation

GoRouter (Recommended)

final router = GoRouter(
  initialLocation: '/',
  routes: [
    GoRoute(
      path: '/',
      builder: (context, state) => const HomeScreen(),
      routes: [
        GoRoute(
          path: 'details/:id',
          builder: (context, state) {
            final id = state.pathParameters['id']!;
            return DetailsScreen(id: id);
          },
        ),
      ],
    ),
    GoRoute(
      path: '/settings',
      builder: (context, state) => const SettingsScreen(),
    ),
  ],
);

// Usage
MaterialApp.router(
  routerConfig: router,
)

// Navigate
context.go('/details/123');
context.push('/settings');
context.pop();

Common Widgets

Lists

ListView.builder(
  itemCount: items.length,
  itemBuilder: (context, index) {
    final item = items[index];
    return ListTile(
      leading: CircleAvatar(
        backgroundImage: NetworkImage(item.imageUrl),
      ),
      title: Text(item.title),
      subtitle: Text(item.subtitle),
      trailing: const Icon(Icons.chevron_right),
      onTap: () => context.push('/details/${item.id}'),
    );
  },
)

Forms

class LoginForm extends StatefulWidget {
  const LoginForm({super.key});

  @override
  State<LoginForm> createState() => _LoginFormState();
}

class _LoginFormState extends State<LoginForm> {
  final _formKey = GlobalKey<FormState>();
  final _emailController = TextEditingController();
  final _passwordController = TextEditingController();

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _emailController.dispose();
    _passwordController.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  void _submit() {
    if (_formKey.currentState!.validate()) {
      // Process login
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Form(
      key: _formKey,
      child: Column(
        children: [
          TextFormField(
            controller: _emailController,
            decoration: const InputDecoration(
              labelText: 'Email',
              prefixIcon: Icon(Icons.email),
            ),
            keyboardType: TextInputType.emailAddress,
            validator: (value) {
              if (value == null || !value.contains('@')) {
                return 'Enter a valid email';
              }
              return null;
            },
          ),
          const SizedBox(height: 16),
          TextFormField(
            controller: _passwordController,
            decoration: const InputDecoration(
              labelText: 'Password',
              prefixIcon: Icon(Icons.lock),
            ),
            obscureText: true,
            validator: (value) {
              if (value == null || value.length < 6) {
                return 'Password must be at least 6 characters';
              }
              return null;
            },
          ),
          const SizedBox(height: 24),
          ElevatedButton(
            onPressed: _submit,
            child: const Text('Login'),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

Networking

Dio HTTP Client

class ApiService {
  final Dio _dio;

  ApiService() : _dio = Dio(BaseOptions(
    baseUrl: 'https://api.example.com',
    connectTimeout: const Duration(seconds: 10),
    receiveTimeout: const Duration(seconds: 10),
  )) {
    _dio.interceptors.add(LogInterceptor());
  }

  Future<List<Item>> getItems() async {
    try {
      final response = await _dio.get('/items');
      return (response.data as List)
          .map((json) => Item.fromJson(json))
          .toList();
    } on DioException catch (e) {
      throw ApiException(e.message ?? 'Unknown error');
    }
  }
}

Local Storage

Hive (Recommended)

// Model
@HiveType(typeId: 0)
class Item extends HiveObject {
  @HiveField(0)
  late String id;

  @HiveField(1)
  late String name;
}

// Setup
await Hive.initFlutter();
Hive.registerAdapter(ItemAdapter());
await Hive.openBox<Item>('items');

// Usage
final box = Hive.box<Item>('items');
await box.put('key', item);
final item = box.get('key');

SharedPreferences

final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
await prefs.setString('token', 'abc123');
final token = prefs.getString('token');

Platform-Specific Code

import 'dart:io' show Platform;
import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart' show kIsWeb;

Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  if (kIsWeb) {
    return WebLayout();
  } else if (Platform.isIOS) {
    return CupertinoLayout();
  } else if (Platform.isAndroid) {
    return MaterialLayout();
  } else if (Platform.isMacOS || Platform.isWindows || Platform.isLinux) {
    return DesktopLayout();
  }
  return DefaultLayout();
}

Testing

Widget Tests

testWidgets('Counter increments', (tester) async {
  await tester.pumpWidget(const MaterialApp(home: Counter()));

  expect(find.text('Count: 0'), findsOneWidget);

  await tester.tap(find.byIcon(Icons.add));
  await tester.pump();

  expect(find.text('Count: 1'), findsOneWidget);
});

Unit Tests

test('Item fromJson parses correctly', () {
  final json = {'id': '1', 'name': 'Test'};
  final item = Item.fromJson(json);

  expect(item.id, '1');
  expect(item.name, 'Test');
});

Performance

Best Practices

// Use const constructors
const SizedBox(height: 16)

// Avoid rebuilds with const
const MyStaticWidget()

// Use ListView.builder for long lists
ListView.builder(
  itemCount: items.length,
  itemBuilder: (context, index) => ItemWidget(items[index]),
)

// Cache images
CachedNetworkImage(
  imageUrl: url,
  placeholder: (context, url) => const CircularProgressIndicator(),
)

Best Practices

DO:

• Use const constructors everywhere possible
• Split widgets into smaller components
• Use Riverpod or BLoC for state
• Follow Flutter naming conventions
• Write widget tests

DON'T:

• Put logic in build methods
• Create god widgets
• Use setState for complex state
• Ignore null safety
• Skip code generation setup