testing-qa（测试质量保证）

Testing & QA Skill

Overview

This skill helps you write comprehensive tests for Next.js applications using Playwright for E2E tests, Jest for unit tests, and React Testing Library for component tests.

Testing Philosophy

Testing Pyramid

1. E2E Tests (10%): Critical user journeys
2. Integration Tests (30%): Component interactions
3. Unit Tests (60%): Individual functions and utilities

What to Test

• DO: Test behavior, not implementation
• DO: Test user interactions and outcomes
• DO: Test error states and edge cases
• DO: Test accessibility
• DON'T: Test internal implementation details
• DON'T: Test third-party libraries
• DON'T: Over-test simple presentational components

Playwright E2E Tests

Setup

// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './e2e',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: 'html',
  use: {
    baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
  },
  projects: [
    {
      name: 'chromium',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'Mobile Chrome',
      use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] },
    },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run dev',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
  },
})

Basic E2E Test

// e2e/auth.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'

test.describe('Authentication', () => {
  test('should sign up new user', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/signup')

    // Fill form
    await page.fill('input[name="email"]', ' [email protected] ')
    await page.fill('input[name="password"]', 'password123')
    await page.fill('input[name="confirmPassword"]', 'password123')

    // Submit
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]')

    // Verify redirect to dashboard
    await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard')

    // Verify welcome message
    await expect(page.getByText('Welcome')).toBeVisible()
  })

  test('should show error for invalid credentials', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/login')

    await page.fill('input[name="email"]', ' [email protected] ')
    await page.fill('input[name="password"]', 'wrongpassword')
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]')

    // Verify error message
    await expect(page.getByText('Invalid credentials')).toBeVisible()
  })
})

Advanced Playwright Patterns

// Page Object Model
// e2e/pages/login.page.ts
export class LoginPage {
  constructor(private page: Page) {}

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/login')
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.page.fill('input[name="email"]', email)
    await this.page.fill('input[name="password"]', password)
    await this.page.click('button[type="submit"]')
  }

  async getErrorMessage() {
    return await this.page.locator('[role="alert"]').textContent()
  }
}

// Usage
test('login with page object', async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page)
  await loginPage.goto()
  await loginPage.login(' [email protected] ', 'password')
  await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard')
})

// Fixtures for authenticated state
// e2e/fixtures.ts
export const test = base.extend<{ authenticatedPage: Page }>({
  authenticatedPage: async ({ page }, use) => {
    // Login
    await page.goto('/login')
    await page.fill('input[name="email"]', ' [email protected] ')
    await page.fill('input[name="password"]', 'password')
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]')
    await page.waitForURL('/dashboard')

    await use(page)
  },
})

// Usage
test('dashboard test', async ({ authenticatedPage }) => {
  await authenticatedPage.goto('/dashboard')
  // Test authenticated functionality
})

Common Playwright Patterns

// Wait for network
await page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/items'))

// Test file upload
await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', 'path/to/file.jpg')

// Test download
const downloadPromise = page.waitForEvent('download')
await page.click('button:has-text("Download")')
const download = await downloadPromise
await download.saveAs('/path/to/save')

// Mock API responses
await page.route('**/api/items', route => {
  route.fulfill({
    status: 200,
    body: JSON.stringify({ items: [] }),
  })
})

// Screenshot for debugging
await page.screenshot({ path: 'debug.png', fullPage: true })

// Test responsive design
await page.setViewportSize({ width: 375, height: 667 }) // iPhone size

// Test accessibility
const accessibilityScanResults = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).analyze()
expect(accessibilityScanResults.violations).toEqual([])

Component Testing

Setup React Testing Library

// jest.config.js
module.exports = {
  preset: 'ts-jest',
  testEnvironment: 'jsdom',
  setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.js'],
  moduleNameMapper: {
    '^@/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/src/$1',
  },
}

// jest.setup.js
import '@testing-library/jest-dom'

Basic Component Test

// components/button.test.tsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
import { Button } from './button'

describe('Button', () => {
  it('renders with text', () => {
    render(<Button>Click me</Button>)
    expect(screen.getByText('Click me')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })

  it('calls onClick when clicked', () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn()
    render(<Button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</Button>)

    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Click me'))
    expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
  })

  it('is disabled when disabled prop is true', () => {
    render(<Button disabled>Click me</Button>)
    expect(screen.getByText('Click me')).toBeDisabled()
  })

  it('applies variant styles', () => {
    render(<Button variant="destructive">Delete</Button>)
    const button = screen.getByText('Delete')
    expect(button).toHaveClass('bg-red-600')
  })
})

Testing Async Components

// components/user-profile.test.tsx
import { render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
import { UserProfile } from './user-profile'

// Mock fetch
global.fetch = jest.fn()

describe('UserProfile', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    jest.clearAllMocks()
  })

  it('displays loading state initially', () => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockImplementation(() =>
      new Promise(() => {}) // Never resolves
    )

    render(<UserProfile userId="123" />)
    expect(screen.getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })

  it('displays user data when loaded', async () => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValueOnce({
      ok: true,
      json: async () => ({ name: 'John Doe', email: ' [email protected] ' }),
    })

    render(<UserProfile userId="123" />)

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByText('John Doe')).toBeInTheDocument()
      expect(screen.getByText(' [email protected] ')).toBeInTheDocument()
    })
  })

  it('displays error message when fetch fails', async () => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Failed to fetch'))

    render(<UserProfile userId="123" />)

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByText('Error loading user')).toBeInTheDocument()
    })
  })
})

Testing Forms

// components/contact-form.test.tsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'
import { ContactForm } from './contact-form'

describe('ContactForm', () => {
  it('validates required fields', async () => {
    render(<ContactForm />)

    const submitButton = screen.getByText('Submit')
    fireEvent.click(submitButton)

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByText('Email is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
      expect(screen.getByText('Message is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
    })
  })

  it('submits form with valid data', async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup()
    const onSubmit = jest.fn()

    render(<ContactForm onSubmit={onSubmit} />)

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), ' [email protected] ')
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Message'), 'Test message')
    await user.click(screen.getByText('Submit'))

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
        email: ' [email protected] ',
        message: 'Test message',
      })
    })
  })

  it('disables submit button while submitting', async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup()

    render(<ContactForm />)

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), ' [email protected] ')
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Message'), 'Test message')

    const submitButton = screen.getByText('Submit')
    await user.click(submitButton)

    expect(submitButton).toBeDisabled()
  })
})

Testing Hooks

// hooks/use-counter.test.ts
import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react'
import { useCounter } from './use-counter'

describe('useCounter', () => {
  it('initializes with default value', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter())
    expect(result.current.count).toBe(0)
  })

  it('initializes with custom value', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(10))
    expect(result.current.count).toBe(10)
  })

  it('increments count', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter())

    act(() => {
      result.current.increment()
    })

    expect(result.current.count).toBe(1)
  })

  it('decrements count', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(5))

    act(() => {
      result.current.decrement()
    })

    expect(result.current.count).toBe(4)
  })

  it('resets count', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(10))

    act(() => {
      result.current.reset()
    })

    expect(result.current.count).toBe(10)
  })
})

Unit Testing

Testing Utilities

// lib/utils.test.ts
import { formatDate, slugify, truncate } from './utils'

describe('formatDate', () => {
  it('formats date correctly', () => {
    const date = new Date('2024-01-15')
    expect(formatDate(date)).toBe('January 15, 2024')
  })

  it('handles invalid date', () => {
    expect(formatDate(new Date('invalid'))).toBe('Invalid Date')
  })
})

describe('slugify', () => {
  it('converts string to slug', () => {
    expect(slugify('Hello World')).toBe('hello-world')
    expect(slugify('Next.js App!')).toBe('next-js-app')
  })

  it('removes special characters', () => {
    expect(slugify('Test@#$%')).toBe('test')
  })
})

describe('truncate', () => {
  it('truncates long strings', () => {
    const text = 'This is a very long text'
    expect(truncate(text, 10)).toBe('This is a...')
  })

  it('does not truncate short strings', () => {
    const text = 'Short'
    expect(truncate(text, 10)).toBe('Short')
  })
})

Testing API Routes

// app/api/items/route.test.ts
import { GET, POST } from './route'
import { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

describe('/api/items', () => {
  describe('GET', () => {
    it('returns items', async () => {
      const request = new NextRequest('http://localhost:3000/api/items')
      const response = await GET(request)
      const data = await response.json()

      expect(response.status).toBe(200)
      expect(data.items).toBeDefined()
      expect(Array.isArray(data.items)).toBe(true)
    })
  })

  describe('POST', () => {
    it('creates new item', async () => {
      const request = new NextRequest('http://localhost:3000/api/items', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: JSON.stringify({ title: 'Test Item' }),
      })

      const response = await POST(request)
      const data = await response.json()

      expect(response.status).toBe(201)
      expect(data.item).toBeDefined()
      expect(data.item.title).toBe('Test Item')
    })

    it('validates required fields', async () => {
      const request = new NextRequest('http://localhost:3000/api/items', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: JSON.stringify({}),
      })

      const response = await POST(request)

      expect(response.status).toBe(400)
    })
  })
})

Mocking

Mock Supabase

// __mocks__/supabase.ts
export const createClient = jest.fn(() => ({
  from: jest.fn(() => ({
    select: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(),
    insert: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(),
    update: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(),
    delete: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(),
    eq: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(),
    single: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
      data: { id: '1', title: 'Test' },
      error: null,
    }),
  })),
  auth: {
    getUser: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
      data: { user: { id: '123', email: ' [email protected] ' } },
      error: null,
    }),
  },
}))

Mock Next.js Router

// Mock useRouter
jest.mock('next/navigation', () => ({
  useRouter: () => ({
    push: jest.fn(),
    replace: jest.fn(),
    back: jest.fn(),
    forward: jest.fn(),
    refresh: jest.fn(),
    prefetch: jest.fn(),
  }),
  usePathname: () => '/test-path',
  useSearchParams: () => new URLSearchParams(),
}))

Mock External API

// Use MSW (Mock Service Worker)
import { rest } from 'msw'
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'

const server = setupServer(
  rest.get('/api/items', (req, res, ctx) => {
    return res(
      ctx.json({
        items: [
          { id: '1', title: 'Item 1' },
          { id: '2', title: 'Item 2' },
        ],
      })
    )
  })
)

beforeAll(() => server.listen())
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers())
afterAll(() => server.close())

Testing Checklist

E2E Tests

• [ ] Test critical user journeys (signup, login, checkout)
• [ ] Test on multiple browsers
• [ ] Test on mobile viewport
• [ ] Test error states
• [ ] Test with slow network
• [ ] Test with disabled JavaScript (where applicable)
• [ ] Test accessibility

Component Tests

• [ ] Test rendering
• [ ] Test user interactions
• [ ] Test props
• [ ] Test conditional rendering
• [ ] Test error states
• [ ] Test loading states
• [ ] Test accessibility

Unit Tests

• [ ] Test pure functions
• [ ] Test edge cases
• [ ] Test error handling
• [ ] Test with various inputs
• [ ] Test boundary conditions

Common Testing Patterns

Test IDs for Reliable Selection

// Component
<button data-testid="submit-button">Submit</button>

// Test
const button = screen.getByTestId('submit-button')

Accessible Queries (Preferred)

// By role (best)
screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i })

// By label
screen.getByLabelText('Email')

// By text
screen.getByText('Welcome')

// By placeholder
screen.getByPlaceholderText('Enter email')

Testing Loading States

it('shows loading then content', async () => {
  render(<Component />)

  // Loading state
  expect(screen.getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument()

  // Wait for content
  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText('Content')).toBeInTheDocument()
    expect(screen.queryByText('Loading...')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

Testing Error Boundaries

it('renders error boundary on error', () => {
  const spy = jest.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation()

  render(
    <ErrorBoundary>
      <ComponentThatThrows />
    </ErrorBoundary>
  )

  expect(screen.getByText('Something went wrong')).toBeInTheDocument()

  spy.mockRestore()
})

Debugging Tests

Debug Output

import { screen, render } from '@testing-library/react'

// Print component tree
render(<Component />)
screen.debug()

// Print specific element
screen.debug(screen.getByRole('button'))

Playwright Debug

# Run in debug mode with browser
npx playwright test --debug

# Run specific test
npx playwright test auth.spec.ts --debug

# Run with headed browser
npx playwright test --headed

Common Issues

Element not found:

• Check if element exists: screen.getByText vs screen.queryByText
• Use findBy for async elements: screen.findByText
• Check accessibility tree: screen.debug()

Timing issues:

• Use waitFor for async updates
• Use findBy queries (built-in wait)
• Increase timeout if needed

State updates not reflected:

• Wrap in act() if updating state manually
• Use userEvent instead of fireEvent for more realistic events

Performance Testing

// Lighthouse CI
// lighthouserc.js
module.exports = {
  ci: {
    collect: {
      url: ['http://localhost:3000/'],
      numberOfRuns: 3,
    },
    assert: {
      assertions: {
        'categories:performance': ['error', { minScore: 0.9 }],
        'categories:accessibility': ['error', { minScore: 0.9 }],
        'categories:best-practices': ['error', { minScore: 0.9 }],
        'categories:seo': ['error', { minScore: 0.9 }],
      },
    },
  },
}

When to Use This Skill

Invoke this skill when:

• Writing new tests
• Debugging test failures
• Setting up test infrastructure
• Testing specific scenarios (forms, async, auth)
• Implementing E2E tests
• Testing accessibility
• Mocking dependencies
• Improving test coverage