system-diagnostics（系统诊断）

Windows System Diagnostics

Comprehensive Windows 11 system diagnostics using PowerShell. This skill helps diagnose crashes, freezes, unexpected reboots, disk problems, memory issues, hardware errors, and performance bottlenecks.

Table of Contents

• Quick Start - Immediate diagnostic commands
• Platform Requirements - Windows 11, PowerShell 7+
• Diagnostic Categories - What this skill covers
• Quick Health Check - Fast system overview
• Reference Loading - Progressive disclosure
• Safety Model - Read-only vs suggested repairs
• Common Issues - Troubleshooting patterns

Overview

This skill provides read-only diagnostic capabilities to gather system health information. It does NOT execute repair commands - those are provided as suggestions for the user to run manually.

Capabilities:

• Event log analysis (crashes, errors, warnings)
• Disk health monitoring (SMART data, filesystem errors)
• Memory diagnostics (usage, leaks, hardware issues)
• Hardware error detection (device failures, drivers, WHEA)
• Performance analysis (CPU, memory, disk bottlenecks)
• System stability metrics (uptime, restart reasons)

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Computer is crashing, freezing, or rebooting unexpectedly
• Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) errors occur
• Disk health concerns (slow performance, errors)
• Memory issues suspected (high usage, crashes under load)
• Hardware errors or driver problems
• Need to analyze Windows Event Viewer logs
• System performance degradation
• Investigating application crashes

Platform Requirements

Required:

• Windows 11 (this skill is optimized for Windows 11 Pro)
• PowerShell 7+ (pwsh) for best compatibility

Verify PowerShell version:

$PSVersionTable.PSVersion

Note: Most commands also work with Windows PowerShell 5.1, but PowerShell 7+ is recommended for consistent behavior.

Quick Start

Immediate System Health Check

Run these commands to get a quick overview of system health:

# System info and uptime
Get-Uptime
Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object OsName, OsVersion, OsBuildNumber, CsProcessors, CsTotalPhysicalMemory

# Recent critical/error events (last 7 days)
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System';Level=1,2;StartTime=(Get-Date).AddDays(-7)} -MaxEvents 20 |
    Select-Object TimeCreated, Id, ProviderName, Message | Format-Table -Wrap

# Disk health
Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object FriendlyName, MediaType, Size, HealthStatus, OperationalStatus

# Top memory consumers
Get-Process | Sort-Object WorkingSet64 -Descending |
    Select-Object -First 10 ProcessName, Id, @{N='MB';E={[math]::Round($_.WorkingSet64/1MB,0)}}

# Device errors
Get-PnpDevice -PresentOnly | Where-Object { $_.Status -in 'Error','Degraded','Unknown' } |
    Select-Object Class, FriendlyName, Status

Diagnostic Categories

Quick Health Check

System Information

# Basic system info
Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object `
    OsName, OsVersion, OsBuildNumber, `
    CsName, CsDomain, `
    CsProcessors, CsNumberOfLogicalProcessors, `
    @{N='RAM_GB';E={[math]::Round($_.CsTotalPhysicalMemory/1GB,1)}}

# System uptime
Get-Uptime
Get-Uptime -Since  # Last boot time

Recent System Errors

# Critical and Error events from System log (last 7 days)
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
    LogName = 'System'
    Level = 1,2  # 1=Critical, 2=Error
    StartTime = (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
} -MaxEvents 50 | Select-Object TimeCreated, Id, ProviderName, LevelDisplayName, Message

Disk Quick Check

# Physical disk health
Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object FriendlyName, MediaType, Size, HealthStatus, OperationalStatus

# SMART-like reliability data
Get-PhysicalDisk | ForEach-Object {
    $disk = $_
    $counters = $_ | Get-StorageReliabilityCounter
    [PSCustomObject]@{
        Disk = $disk.FriendlyName
        Health = $disk.HealthStatus
        Temperature = $counters.Temperature
        ReadErrors = $counters.ReadErrorsTotal
        WriteErrors = $counters.WriteErrorsTotal
        PowerOnHours = $counters.PowerOnHours
    }
}

Memory Quick Check

# System memory overview
Get-CimInstance Win32_OperatingSystem | Select-Object `
    @{N='Total_GB';E={[math]::Round($_.TotalVisibleMemorySize/1MB,2)}},
    @{N='Free_GB';E={[math]::Round($_.FreePhysicalMemory/1MB,2)}},
    @{N='Used_Pct';E={[math]::Round((1 - $_.FreePhysicalMemory/$_.TotalVisibleMemorySize)*100,1)}}

# Top 10 memory-consuming processes
Get-Process | Sort-Object WorkingSet64 -Descending |
    Select-Object -First 10 ProcessName, Id,
        @{N='WS_MB';E={[math]::Round($_.WorkingSet64/1MB,0)}},
        @{N='PM_MB';E={[math]::Round($_.PrivateMemorySize64/1MB,0)}}

Hardware Quick Check

# Devices with errors
Get-PnpDevice -PresentOnly | Where-Object { $_.Status -in 'Error','Degraded','Unknown' } |
    Select-Object Class, FriendlyName, InstanceId, Status

# WHEA hardware errors (last 30 days)
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
    LogName = 'System'
    ProviderName = 'Microsoft-Windows-WHEA-Logger'
    StartTime = (Get-Date).AddDays(-30)
} -MaxEvents 20 -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object TimeCreated, Id, Message

Reference Loading Guide

References are loaded on-demand based on the diagnostic category being investigated. This progressive disclosure keeps token usage efficient.

Always Load (Core)

The main SKILL.md provides quick commands for initial triage (~4k tokens).

Conditional Load

Load specific references based on what you're investigating:

Token Estimates

• Quick health check: ~4k tokens (SKILL.md only)
• Single category deep dive: ~7k tokens (SKILL.md + 1 reference)
• Full diagnostic: ~25k tokens (SKILL.md + all references)

Safety Model

This skill follows a read-only diagnostics model. All commands executed by the skill only gather information - they do not modify the system.

Read-Only (Skill Can Execute)

These commands are safe to run:

Suggested Only (User Runs Manually)

These repair/diagnostic commands modify the system or require reboot. The skill will provide instructions but NOT execute them:

Elevation Notes

Some read-only operations require administrator privileges:

• Get-WinEvent -LogName Security (Security log)
• Repair-Volume -Scan (even read-only scan)
• Some WMI queries

The skill will note when elevation is needed and provide graceful degradation for non-admin scenarios.

Common Diagnostic Scenarios

Scenario: Computer Keeps Crashing/Rebooting

1. Check uptime and recent restart events
2. Look for Kernel-Power Event ID 41 (unexpected shutdown)
3. Check for BSOD minidumps
4. Review hardware errors (WHEA)
5. Check disk and memory health

Key commands:

# Recent restart events
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System';Id=41,1074,6008} -MaxEvents 20

# BSOD events
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System';ProviderName='Microsoft-Windows-WER-SystemErrorReporting'} -MaxEvents 10

# Check for minidumps
Get-ChildItem C:\Windows\Minidump -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

Scenario: Slow Performance

1. Check CPU/memory/disk utilization
2. Identify resource-hungry processes
3. Check for disk health issues
4. Look for hardware throttling

Key commands:

# Current resource usage
Get-Counter -Counter '\Processor(_Total)\% Processor Time','\Memory\% Committed Bytes In Use','\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\% Disk Time'

# Top CPU consumers
Get-Process | Sort-Object CPU -Descending | Select-Object -First 10 ProcessName, CPU, @{N='MB';E={[math]::Round($_.WorkingSet64/1MB)}}

Scenario: Disk Errors Suspected

1. Check physical disk health status
2. Review SMART reliability counters
3. Look for disk-related events
4. Check filesystem dirty bit

Key commands:

# Disk health
Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object FriendlyName, HealthStatus, OperationalStatus

# Reliability counters
Get-PhysicalDisk | Get-StorageReliabilityCounter | Select-Object DeviceId, Temperature, ReadErrorsTotal, WriteErrorsTotal

# Recent disk events
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System';ProviderName='disk','ntfs'} -MaxEvents 20

Scenario: Memory Issues

1. Check current memory usage
2. Identify memory-hungry processes
3. Look for memory-related events
4. Check for previous memory diagnostic results

Key commands:

# Memory usage
Get-CimInstance Win32_OperatingSystem | Select-Object @{N='Used%';E={[math]::Round((1-$_.FreePhysicalMemory/$_.TotalVisibleMemorySize)*100,1)}}

# Top memory processes
Get-Process | Sort-Object WorkingSet64 -Descending | Select-Object -First 10 ProcessName, @{N='MB';E={[math]::Round($_.WorkingSet64/1MB)}}

# Memory diagnostic results
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System';ProviderName='Microsoft-Windows-MemoryDiagnostics-Results'} -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

Anti-Patterns

Do NOT:

• Execute repair commands (chkdsk /f, sfc /scannow, etc.) - only suggest them
• Run commands that require reboot (mdsched.exe) without explicit user consent
• Assume admin privileges are available
• Ignore elevation errors - report them and suggest running as admin
• Make hardware recommendations without diagnostic evidence

Do:

• Start with quick health checks before deep dives
• Load references progressively based on investigation needs
• Report findings with severity (Critical, Warning, Info)
• Provide actionable next steps for the user
• Explain what each suggested repair command does

Version History

• v1.0.0 (2025-12-03): Initial release with Windows 11 diagnostics

Last Updated

Date: 2025-12-03 Model: claude-opus-4-5-20251101