backend-testing（后端测试）

Backend Testing

When to use this skill

Specific situations that should trigger this skill:

• New feature development: Write tests first using TDD (Test-Driven Development)
• Adding API endpoints: Test success and failure cases for REST APIs
• Bug fixes: Add tests to prevent regressions
• Before refactoring: Write tests that guarantee existing behavior
• CI/CD setup: Build automated test pipelines

Input Format

Format and required/optional information to collect from the user:

Required information

• Framework: Express, Django, FastAPI, Spring Boot, etc.
• Test tool: Jest, Pytest, Mocha/Chai, JUnit, etc.
• Test target: API endpoints, business logic, DB operations, etc.

Optional information

• Database: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB (default: in-memory DB)
• Mocking library: jest.mock, sinon, unittest.mock (default: framework built-in)
• Coverage target: 80%, 90%, etc. (default: 80%)
• E2E tool: Supertest, TestClient, RestAssured (optional)

Input example

Test the user authentication endpoints for an Express.js API:
- Framework: Express + TypeScript
- Test tool: Jest + Supertest
- Target: POST /auth/register, POST /auth/login
- DB: PostgreSQL (in-memory for tests)
- Coverage: 90% or above

Instructions

Step-by-step task order to follow precisely.

Step 1: Set up the test environment

Install and configure the test framework and tools.

Tasks:

• Install test libraries
• Configure test database (in-memory or separate DB)
• Separate environment variables (.env.test)
• Configure jest.config.js or pytest.ini

Example (Node.js + Jest + Supertest):

npm install --save-dev jest ts-jest @types/jest supertest @types/supertest

jest.config.js:

module.exports = {
  preset: 'ts-jest',
  testEnvironment: 'node',
  roots: ['<rootDir>/src'],
  testMatch: ['**/__tests__/**/*.test.ts'],
  collectCoverageFrom: [
    'src/**/*.ts',
    '!src/**/*.d.ts',
    '!src/__tests__/**'
  ],
  coverageThreshold: {
    global: {
      branches: 80,
      functions: 80,
      lines: 80,
      statements: 80
    }
  },
  setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/src/__tests__/setup.ts']
};

setup.ts (global test configuration):

import { db } from '../database';

// Reset DB before each test
beforeEach(async () => {
  await db.migrate.latest();
  await db.seed.run();
});

// Clean up after each test
afterEach(async () => {
  await db.migrate.rollback();
});

// Close connection after all tests complete
afterAll(async () => {
  await db.destroy();
});

Step 2: Write Unit Tests (business logic)

Write unit tests for individual functions and classes.

Tasks:

• Test pure functions (no dependencies)
• Isolate dependencies via mocking
• Test edge cases (boundary values, exceptions)
• AAA pattern (Arrange-Act-Assert)

Decision criteria:

• No external dependencies (DB, API) -> pure Unit Test
• External dependencies present -> use Mock/Stub
• Complex logic -> test various input cases

Example (password validation function):

// src/utils/password.ts
export function validatePassword(password: string): { valid: boolean; errors: string[] } {
  const errors: string[] = [];

  if (password.length < 8) {
    errors.push('Password must be at least 8 characters');
  }

  if (!/[A-Z]/.test(password)) {
    errors.push('Password must contain uppercase letter');
  }

  if (!/[a-z]/.test(password)) {
    errors.push('Password must contain lowercase letter');
  }

  if (!/\d/.test(password)) {
    errors.push('Password must contain number');
  }

  if (!/[!@#$%^&*]/.test(password)) {
    errors.push('Password must contain special character');
  }

  return { valid: errors.length === 0, errors };
}

// src/__tests__/utils/password.test.ts
import { validatePassword } from '../../utils/password';

describe('validatePassword', () => {
  it('should accept valid password', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('Password123!');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(true);
    expect(result.errors).toHaveLength(0);
  });

  it('should reject password shorter than 8 characters', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('Pass1!');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors).toContain('Password must be at least 8 characters');
  });

  it('should reject password without uppercase', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('password123!');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors).toContain('Password must contain uppercase letter');
  });

  it('should reject password without lowercase', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('PASSWORD123!');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors).toContain('Password must contain lowercase letter');
  });

  it('should reject password without number', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('Password!');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors).toContain('Password must contain number');
  });

  it('should reject password without special character', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('Password123');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors).toContain('Password must contain special character');
  });

  it('should return multiple errors for invalid password', () => {
    const result = validatePassword('pass');
    expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
    expect(result.errors.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
  });
});

Step 3: Integration Test (API endpoints)

Write integration tests for API endpoints.

Tasks:

• Test HTTP requests/responses
• Success cases (200, 201)
• Failure cases (400, 401, 404, 500)
• Authentication/authorization tests
• Input validation tests

Checklist:

• Verify status code
• Validate response body structure
• Confirm database state changes
• Validate error messages

Example (Express.js + Supertest):

// src/__tests__/api/auth.test.ts
import request from 'supertest';
import app from '../../app';
import { db } from '../../database';

describe('POST /auth/register', () => {
  it('should register new user successfully', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        username: 'testuser',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(201);
    expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('user');
    expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('accessToken');
    expect(response.body.user.email).toBe('test@example.com');

    // Verify the record was actually saved to DB
    const user = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { email: 'test@example.com' } });
    expect(user).toBeTruthy();
    expect(user.username).toBe('testuser');
  });

  it('should reject duplicate email', async () => {
    // Create first user
    await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        username: 'user1',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });

    // Second attempt with same email
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        username: 'user2',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(409);
    expect(response.body.error).toContain('already exists');
  });

  it('should reject weak password', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        username: 'testuser',
        password: 'weak'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
    expect(response.body.error).toBeDefined();
  });

  it('should reject missing fields', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com'
        // username, password omitted
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
  });
});

describe('POST /auth/login', () => {
  beforeEach(async () => {
    // Create test user
    await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        username: 'testuser',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });
  });

  it('should login with valid credentials', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/login')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('accessToken');
    expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('refreshToken');
    expect(response.body.user.email).toBe('test@example.com');
  });

  it('should reject invalid password', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/login')
      .send({
        email: 'test@example.com',
        password: 'WrongPassword123!'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(401);
    expect(response.body.error).toContain('Invalid credentials');
  });

  it('should reject non-existent user', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/login')
      .send({
        email: 'nonexistent@example.com',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(401);
  });
});

Step 4: Authentication/Authorization Tests

Test JWT tokens and role-based access control.

Tasks:

• Confirm 401 when accessing without a token
• Confirm successful access with a valid token
• Test expired token handling
• Role-based permission tests

Example:

describe('Protected Routes', () => {
  let accessToken: string;
  let adminToken: string;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    // Regular user token
    const userResponse = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'user@example.com',
        username: 'user',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });
    accessToken = userResponse.body.accessToken;

    // Admin token
    const adminResponse = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/register')
      .send({
        email: 'admin@example.com',
        username: 'admin',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });
    // Update role to 'admin' in DB
    await db.user.update({
      where: { email: 'admin@example.com' },
      data: { role: 'admin' }
    });
    // Log in again to get a new token
    const loginResponse = await request(app)
      .post('/api/auth/login')
      .send({
        email: 'admin@example.com',
        password: 'Password123!'
      });
    adminToken = loginResponse.body.accessToken;
  });

  describe('GET /api/auth/me', () => {
    it('should return current user with valid token', async () => {
      const response = await request(app)
        .get('/api/auth/me')
        .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${accessToken}`);

      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
      expect(response.body.user.email).toBe('user@example.com');
    });

    it('should reject request without token', async () => {
      const response = await request(app)
        .get('/api/auth/me');

      expect(response.status).toBe(401);
    });

    it('should reject request with invalid token', async () => {
      const response = await request(app)
        .get('/api/auth/me')
        .set('Authorization', 'Bearer invalid-token');

      expect(response.status).toBe(403);
    });
  });

  describe('DELETE /api/users/:id (Admin only)', () => {
    it('should allow admin to delete user', async () => {
      const targetUser = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { email: 'user@example.com' } });

      const response = await request(app)
        .delete(`/api/users/${targetUser.id}`)
        .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`);

      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    });

    it('should forbid non-admin from deleting user', async () => {
      const targetUser = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { email: 'user@example.com' } });

      const response = await request(app)
        .delete(`/api/users/${targetUser.id}`)
        .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${accessToken}`);

      expect(response.status).toBe(403);
    });
  });
});

Step 5: Mocking and Test Isolation

Mock external dependencies to isolate tests.

Tasks:

• Mock external APIs
• Mock email sending
• Mock file system
• Mock time-related functions

Example (mocking an external API):

// src/services/emailService.ts
export async function sendVerificationEmail(email: string, token: string): Promise<void> {
  const response = await fetch('https://api.sendgrid.com/v3/mail/send', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Authorization': `Bearer ${process.env.SENDGRID_API_KEY}` },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      to: email,
      subject: 'Verify your email',
      html: `<a href="https://example.com/verify?token=${token}">Verify</a>`
    })
  });

  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error('Failed to send email');
  }
}

// src/__tests__/services/emailService.test.ts
import { sendVerificationEmail } from '../../services/emailService';

// Mock fetch
global.fetch = jest.fn();

describe('sendVerificationEmail', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockClear();
  });

  it('should send email successfully', async () => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValueOnce({
      ok: true,
      status: 200
    });

    await expect(sendVerificationEmail('test@example.com', 'token123'))
      .resolves
      .toBeUndefined();

    expect(fetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
      'https://api.sendgrid.com/v3/mail/send',
      expect.objectContaining({
        method: 'POST'
      })
    );
  });

  it('should throw error if email sending fails', async () => {
    (fetch as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValueOnce({
      ok: false,
      status: 500
    });

    await expect(sendVerificationEmail('test@example.com', 'token123'))
      .rejects
      .toThrow('Failed to send email');
  });
});

Output format

Defines the exact format that outputs must follow.

Basic structure

project/
├── src/
│   ├── __tests__/
│   │   ├── setup.ts                 # Global test configuration
│   │   ├── utils/
│   │   │   └── password.test.ts     # Unit tests
│   │   ├── services/
│   │   │   └── emailService.test.ts
│   │   └── api/
│   │       ├── auth.test.ts         # Integration tests
│   │       └── users.test.ts
│   └── ...
├── jest.config.js
└── package.json

Test run scripts (package.json)

{
  "scripts": {
    "test": "jest",
    "test:watch": "jest --watch",
    "test:coverage": "jest --coverage",
    "test:ci": "jest --ci --coverage --maxWorkers=2"
  }
}

Coverage report

$ npm run test:coverage

--------------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|
File                      | % Stmts | % Branch | % Funcs | % Lines |
--------------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|
All files                 |   92.5  |   88.3   |   95.2  |   92.8  |
 auth/                    |   95.0  |   90.0   |  100.0  |   95.0  |
  middleware.ts           |   95.0  |   90.0   |  100.0  |   95.0  |
  routes.ts               |   95.0  |   90.0   |  100.0  |   95.0  |
 utils/                   |   90.0  |   85.0   |   90.0  |   90.0  |
  password.ts             |   90.0  |   85.0   |   90.0  |   90.0  |
--------------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|

Constraints

Rules and prohibitions that must be strictly followed.

Required rules (MUST)

1. Test isolation: Each test must be runnable independently

- Reset state with beforeEach/afterEach - Do not depend on test execution order

1. Clear test names: The name must convey what the test verifies

- ✅ 'should reject duplicate email' - ❌ 'test1'

1. AAA pattern: Arrange (setup) - Act (execute) - Assert (verify) structure

- Improves readability - Clarifies test intent

Prohibited (MUST NOT)

1. No production DB: Tests must use a separate or in-memory DB

- Risk of losing real data - Cannot isolate tests

1. No real external API calls: Mock all external services

- Removes network dependency - Speeds up tests - Reduces costs

1. No Sleep/Timeout abuse: Use fake timers for time-based tests

- jest.useFakeTimers() - Prevents test slowdowns

Security rules

• No hardcoded secrets: Never hardcode API keys or passwords in test code
• Separate environment variables: Use.env.test file

Examples

Example 1: Python FastAPI tests (Pytest)

Situation: Testing a FastAPI REST API

User request:

Test the user API built with FastAPI using pytest.

Final result:

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

from app.main import app
from app.database import Base, get_db

# In-memory SQLite for tests
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
engine = create_engine(SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False})
TestingSessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)

@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def db_session():
    Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
    db = TestingSessionLocal()
    try:
        yield db
    finally:
        db.close()
        Base.metadata.drop_all(bind=engine)

@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def client(db_session):
    def override_get_db():
        try:
            yield db_session
        finally:
            db_session.close()

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db
    yield TestClient(app)
    app.dependency_overrides.clear()

# tests/test_auth.py
def test_register_user_success(client):
    response = client.post("/auth/register", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "username": "testuser",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })

    assert response.status_code == 201
    assert "access_token" in response.json()
    assert response.json()["user"]["email"] == "test@example.com"

def test_register_duplicate_email(client):
    # First user
    client.post("/auth/register", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "username": "user1",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })

    # Duplicate email
    response = client.post("/auth/register", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "username": "user2",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })

    assert response.status_code == 409
    assert "already exists" in response.json()["detail"]

def test_login_success(client):
    # Register
    client.post("/auth/register", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "username": "testuser",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })

    # Login
    response = client.post("/auth/login", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })

    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert "access_token" in response.json()

def test_protected_route_without_token(client):
    response = client.get("/auth/me")
    assert response.status_code == 401

def test_protected_route_with_token(client):
    # Register and get token
    register_response = client.post("/auth/register", json={
        "email": "test@example.com",
        "username": "testuser",
        "password": "Password123!"
    })
    token = register_response.json()["access_token"]

    # Access protected route
    response = client.get("/auth/me", headers={
        "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"
    })

    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json()["email"] == "test@example.com"

Best practices

Quality improvements

1. TDD (Test-Driven Development): Write tests before writing code

- Clarifies requirements - Improves design - Naturally achieves high coverage

1. Given-When-Then pattern: Write tests in BDD style ` it('should return 404 when user not found', async () => {// Given: a non-existent user ID const nonExistentId = 'non-existent-uuid'; // When: attempting to look up that user const response = await request(app).get(/users/${nonExistentId}); // Then: 404 response expect(response.status).toBe(404);}); `
2. Test Fixtures: Reusable test data const validUser = {email: 'test@example.com', username: 'testuser', password: 'Password123!'};

Efficiency improvements

• Parallel execution: Speed up tests with Jest's --maxWorkers option
• Snapshot Testing: Save snapshots of UI components or JSON responses
• Coverage thresholds: Enforce minimum coverage in jest.config.js

Common Issues

Issue 1: Test failures caused by shared state between tests

Symptom: Passes individually but fails when run together

Cause: DB state shared due to missing beforeEach/afterEach

Fix:

beforeEach(async () => {
  await db.migrate.rollback();
  await db.migrate.latest();
});

Issue 2: "Jest did not exit one second after the test run"

Symptom: Process does not exit after tests complete

Cause: DB connections, servers, etc. not cleaned up

Fix:

afterAll(async () => {
  await db.destroy();
  await server.close();
});

Issue 3: Async test timeout

Symptom: "Timeout - Async callback was not invoked"

Cause: Missing async/await or unhandled Promise

Fix:

// Bad
it('should work', () => {
  request(app).get('/users');  // Promise not handled
});

// Good
it('should work', async () => {
  await request(app).get('/users');
});

References

Official docs

• Jest Documentation
• Pytest Documentation
• Supertest GitHub

Learning resources

• Testing JavaScript with Kent C. Dodds
• Test-Driven Development by Example (Kent Beck)

Tools

• Istanbul/nyc - code coverage
• nock - HTTP mocking
• faker.js - test data generation

Metadata

Version

• Current version: 1.0.0
• Last updated: 2025-01-01
• Compatible platforms: Claude, ChatGPT, Gemini

Related skills

• api-design: Design APIs alongside tests
• authentication-setup: Test authentication systems

Tags

#testing #backend #Jest #Pytest #unit-test #integration-test #TDD #API-test