Spring Boot 开发模式
用于可扩展、生产级服务的 Spring Boot 架构和 API 模式。
何时激活
- 使用 Spring MVC 或 WebFlux 构建 REST API
- 构建控制器 → 服务 → 仓库层结构
- 配置 Spring Data JPA、缓存或异步处理
- 添加验证、异常处理或分页
- 为开发/预发布/生产环境设置配置文件
- 使用 Spring Events 或 Kafka 实现事件驱动模式
REST API 结构
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/markets")
@Validated
class MarketController {
private final MarketService marketService;
MarketController(MarketService marketService) {
this.marketService = marketService;
}
@GetMapping
ResponseEntity<Page<MarketResponse>> list(
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "20") int size) {
Page<Market> markets = marketService.list(PageRequest.of(page, size));
return ResponseEntity.ok(markets.map(MarketResponse::from));
}
@PostMapping
ResponseEntity<MarketResponse> create(@Valid @RequestBody CreateMarketRequest request) {
Market market = marketService.create(request);
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED).body(MarketResponse.from(market));
}
}仓库模式 (Spring Data JPA)
public interface MarketRepository extends JpaRepository<MarketEntity, Long> {
@Query("select m from MarketEntity m where m.status = :status order by m.volume desc")
List<MarketEntity> findActive(@Param("status") MarketStatus status, Pageable pageable);
}带事务的服务层
@Service
public class MarketService {
private final MarketRepository repo;
public MarketService(MarketRepository repo) {
this.repo = repo;
}
@Transactional
public Market create(CreateMarketRequest request) {
MarketEntity entity = MarketEntity.from(request);
MarketEntity saved = repo.save(entity);
return Market.from(saved);
}
}DTO 和验证
public record CreateMarketRequest(
@NotBlank @Size(max = 200) String name,
@NotBlank @Size(max = 2000) String description,
@NotNull @FutureOrPresent Instant endDate,
@NotEmpty List<@NotBlank String> categories) {}
public record MarketResponse(Long id, String name, MarketStatus status) {
static MarketResponse from(Market market) {
return new MarketResponse(market.id(), market.name(), market.status());
}
}异常处理
@ControllerAdvice
class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
String message = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
.map(e -> e.getField() + ": " + e.getDefaultMessage())
.collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ApiError.validation(message));
}
@ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleAccessDenied() {
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN).body(ApiError.of("Forbidden"));
}
@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
ResponseEntity<ApiError> handleGeneric(Exception ex) {
// Log unexpected errors with stack traces
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
.body(ApiError.of("Internal server error"));
}
}缓存
需要在配置类上使用 @EnableCaching。
@Service
public class MarketCacheService {
private final MarketRepository repo;
public MarketCacheService(MarketRepository repo) {
this.repo = repo;
}
@Cacheable(value = "market", key = "#id")
public Market getById(Long id) {
return repo.findById(id)
.map(Market::from)
.orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("Market not found"));
}
@CacheEvict(value = "market", key = "#id")
public void evict(Long id) {}
}异步处理
需要在配置类上使用 @EnableAsync。
@Service
public class NotificationService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<Void> sendAsync(Notification notification) {
// send email/SMS
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(null);
}
}日志记录 (SLF4J)
@Service
public class ReportService {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReportService.class);
public Report generate(Long marketId) {
log.info("generate_report marketId={}", marketId);
try {
// logic
} catch (Exception ex) {
log.error("generate_report_failed marketId={}", marketId, ex);
throw ex;
}
return new Report();
}
}中间件 / 过滤器
@Component
public class RequestLoggingFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RequestLoggingFilter.class);
@Override
protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
} finally {
long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
log.info("req method={} uri={} status={} durationMs={}",
request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURI(), response.getStatus(), duration);
}
}
}分页和排序
PageRequest page = PageRequest.of(pageNumber, pageSize, Sort.by("createdAt").descending());
Page<Market> results = marketService.list(page);容错的外部调用
public <T> T withRetry(Supplier<T> supplier, int maxRetries) {
int attempts = 0;
while (true) {
try {
return supplier.get();
} catch (Exception ex) {
attempts++;
if (attempts >= maxRetries) {
throw ex;
}
try {
Thread.sleep((long) Math.pow(2, attempts) * 100L);
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
throw ex;
}
}
}
}速率限制 (过滤器 + Bucket4j)
安全须知：默认情况下 X-Forwarded-For 头是不可信的，因为客户端可以伪造它。 仅在以下情况下使用转发头：
- 您的应用程序位于可信的反向代理（nginx、AWS ALB 等）之后
- 您已将
ForwardedHeaderFilter注册为 bean - 您已在应用属性中配置了
server.forward-headers-strategy=NATIVE或FRAMEWORK - 您的代理配置为覆盖（而非追加）
X-Forwarded-For头
当 ForwardedHeaderFilter 被正确配置时，request.getRemoteAddr() 将自动从转发的头中返回正确的客户端 IP。 没有此配置时，请直接使用 request.getRemoteAddr()——它返回的是直接连接的 IP，这是唯一可信的值。
@Component
public class RateLimitFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
private final Map<String, Bucket> buckets = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
/*
* SECURITY: This filter uses request.getRemoteAddr() to identify clients for rate limiting.
*
* If your application is behind a reverse proxy (nginx, AWS ALB, etc.), you MUST configure
* Spring to handle forwarded headers properly for accurate client IP detection:
*
* 1. Set server.forward-headers-strategy=NATIVE (for cloud platforms) or FRAMEWORK in
* application.properties/yaml
* 2. If using FRAMEWORK strategy, register ForwardedHeaderFilter:
*
* @Bean
* ForwardedHeaderFilter forwardedHeaderFilter() {
* return new ForwardedHeaderFilter();
* }
*
* 3. Ensure your proxy overwrites (not appends) the X-Forwarded-For header to prevent spoofing
* 4. Configure server.tomcat.remoteip.trusted-proxies or equivalent for your container
*
* Without this configuration, request.getRemoteAddr() returns the proxy IP, not the client IP.
* Do NOT read X-Forwarded-For directly—it is trivially spoofable without trusted proxy handling.
*/
@Override
protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {
// Use getRemoteAddr() which returns the correct client IP when ForwardedHeaderFilter
// is configured, or the direct connection IP otherwise. Never trust X-Forwarded-For
// headers directly without proper proxy configuration.
String clientIp = request.getRemoteAddr();
Bucket bucket = buckets.computeIfAbsent(clientIp,
k -> Bucket.builder()
.addLimit(Bandwidth.classic(100, Refill.greedy(100, Duration.ofMinutes(1))))
.build());
if (bucket.tryConsume(1)) {
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
} else {
response.setStatus(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS.value());
}
}
}后台作业
使用 Spring 的 @Scheduled 或与队列（如 Kafka、SQS、RabbitMQ）集成。保持处理程序是幂等的和可观察的。
可观测性
- 通过 Logback 编码器进行结构化日志记录 (JSON)
- 指标：Micrometer + Prometheus/OTel
- 追踪：带有 OpenTelemetry 或 Brave 后端的 Micrometer Tracing
生产环境默认设置
- 优先使用构造函数注入，避免字段注入
- 启用
spring.mvc.problemdetails.enabled=true以获得 RFC 7807 错误 (Spring Boot 3+) - 根据工作负载配置 HikariCP 连接池大小，设置超时
- 对查询使用
@Transactional(readOnly = true) - 在适当的地方通过
@NonNull和Optional强制执行空值安全
记住：保持控制器精简、服务专注、仓库简单，并集中处理错误。为可维护性和可测试性进行优化。