github-actions（GitHub Actions 自动化）

GitHub Actions

Automate workflows with GitHub Actions for CI/CD, testing, and deployment.

Basic Workflow Structure

# .github/workflows/ci.yml
name: CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Run tests
        run: npm test
      
      - name: Build
        run: npm run build

Workflow Triggers

Push Events

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
      - 'releases/**'
    tags:
      - v*
    paths:
      - 'src/**'
      - 'package.json'

Pull Request Events

on:
  pull_request:
    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
    branches:
      - main
    paths-ignore:
      - 'docs/**'
      - '**.md'

Schedule (Cron)

on:
  schedule:
    # Run at 2am UTC every day
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'

Manual Trigger

on:
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      environment:
        description: 'Environment to deploy'
        required: true
        type: choice
        options:
          - development
          - staging
          - production

Multiple Triggers

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'
  workflow_dispatch:

Job Configuration

Matrix Strategy

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
        node-version: [18, 20, 22]
        exclude:
          - os: macos-latest
            node-version: 18
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Setup Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
      
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test

Conditional Jobs

jobs:
  deploy:
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.event_name == 'push'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to production
        run: echo "Deploying..."

Job Dependencies

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - run: npm run build
  
  test:
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - run: npm test
  
  deploy:
    needs: [build, test]
    if: success()
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - run: npm run deploy

Common Actions

Checkout Code

- uses: actions/checkout@v4
  with:
    fetch-depth: 0  # Fetch all history
    submodules: true

Setup Node.js

- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: '20'
    cache: 'npm'  # or 'yarn' or 'pnpm'
    registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'

Cache Dependencies

- name: Cache node modules
  uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: ~/.npm
    key: ${{ runner.os }}-node-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}
    restore-keys: |
      ${{ runner.os }}-node-

Upload/Download Artifacts

# Upload
- name: Upload build artifacts
  uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
  with:
    name: dist
    path: dist/
    retention-days: 7

# Download (in another job)
- name: Download artifacts
  uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
  with:
    name: dist
    path: dist/

Angular/TypeScript CI

name: Angular CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  lint-and-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Lint
        run: npm run lint
      
      - name: Format check
        run: npm run format:check
      
      - name: Unit tests
        run: npm run test:ci
      
      - name: E2E tests
        run: npm run e2e:ci
      
      - name: Build
        run: npm run build -- --configuration production
      
      - name: Upload coverage
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
        with:
          files: ./coverage/lcov.info
          flags: unittests
          name: codecov-umbrella

  build-matrix:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
        node-version: [18, 20]
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
          cache: 'npm'
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run build

Docker Build and Push

name: Docker Build

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
    tags: ['v*']

jobs:
  docker:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      
      - name: Login to Docker Hub
        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
      
      - name: Extract metadata
        id: meta
        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
        with:
          images: myuser/myapp
          tags: |
            type=ref,event=branch
            type=ref,event=pr
            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
      
      - name: Build and push
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
          cache-from: type=registry,ref=myuser/myapp:buildcache
          cache-to: type=registry,ref=myuser/myapp:buildcache,mode=max

Deployment Workflows

Deploy to Vercel

name: Deploy to Vercel

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Deploy to Vercel
        uses: amondnet/vercel-action@v25
        with:
          vercel-token: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_TOKEN }}
          vercel-org-id: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_ORG_ID }}
          vercel-project-id: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_PROJECT_ID }}
          vercel-args: '--prod'

Deploy to AWS S3

name: Deploy to S3

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
      
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run build
      
      - name: Configure AWS credentials
        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
        with:
          aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
          aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
          aws-region: us-east-1
      
      - name: Deploy to S3
        run: |
          aws s3 sync dist/ s3://my-bucket --delete
          aws cloudfront create-invalidation \
            --distribution-id ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_ID }} \
            --paths "/*"

Secrets Management

Using Secrets

steps:
  - name: Deploy
    env:
      API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}
      DATABASE_URL: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_URL }}
    run: |
      echo "Deploying with API_KEY"
      npm run deploy

Environment Secrets

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment: production
    steps:
      - name: Deploy
        env:
          DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_KEY }}
        run: npm run deploy

Advanced Patterns

Reusable Workflows

# .github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
name: Reusable Test Workflow

on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
      node-version:
        required: true
        type: string
    secrets:
      npm-token:
        required: true

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test

# Usage in another workflow
jobs:
  call-test:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
    with:
      node-version: '20'
    secrets:
      npm-token: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}

Composite Actions

# .github/actions/setup-project/action.yml
name: 'Setup Project'
description: 'Setup Node.js and install dependencies'

inputs:
  node-version:
    description: 'Node.js version'
    required: false
    default: '20'

runs:
  using: 'composite'
  steps:
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
        cache: 'npm'
    
    - run: npm ci
      shell: bash

# Usage
- uses: ./.github/actions/setup-project
  with:
    node-version: '20'

Conditional Steps

steps:
  - name: Run on main only
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    run: npm run deploy
  
  - name: Run on PR only
    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
    run: npm run preview
  
  - name: Always run
    if: always()
    run: npm run cleanup
  
  - name: Run on success only
    if: success()
    run: npm run celebrate
  
  - name: Run on failure
    if: failure()
    run: npm run notify-failure

Monorepo Support (Nx)

name: Nx Affected CI

on:
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  affected:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - run: npm ci
      
      - name: Derive SHAs
        uses: nrwl/nx-set-shas@v4
      
      - name: Run affected tests
        run: npx nx affected -t test --parallel=3
      
      - name: Run affected builds
        run: npx nx affected -t build --parallel=3
      
      - name: Run affected lint
        run: npx nx affected -t lint --parallel=3

Release Automation

name: Release

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  release:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
      
      - run: npm ci
      
      - name: Create Release
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
        run: npx semantic-release

Best Practices

1. Use specific action versions - @v4 instead of @latest
2. Cache dependencies - Faster builds
3. Use matrix for cross-platform - Test on multiple OS/versions
4. Fail fast - Set fail-fast: true in matrix
5. Concurrency control - Cancel outdated runs
6. Secrets security - Never log secrets
7. Minimize workflow duration - Parallel jobs
8. Use environments - Staging, production separation

Common Patterns

Cancel Previous Runs

concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

Path Filtering

on:
  push:
    paths:
      - 'src/**'
      - 'package.json'
  pull_request:
    paths-ignore:
      - 'docs/**'
      - '**.md'

Job Outputs

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
      version: ${{ steps.version.outputs.value }}
    steps:
      - id: version
        run: echo "value=$(cat package.json | jq -r .version)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
  
  deploy:
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - run: echo "Deploying version ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}"

Debugging

- name: Debug
  run: |
    echo "Event: ${{ github.event_name }}"
    echo "Ref: ${{ github.ref }}"
    echo "SHA: ${{ github.sha }}"
    echo "Actor: ${{ github.actor }}"

- name: Dump GitHub context
  env:
    GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
  run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"

Resources

• GitHub Actions Docs: https://docs.github.com/actions
• Marketplace: https://github.com/marketplace
• Workflow Syntax: https://docs.github.com/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions