testing-patterns（测试模式）

Testing Patterns

Overview

Write automated tests using RSpec and Capybara. Avoid using the Rails console or starting a Rails server for testing.

Test Command

bundle exec rspec

Tech Stack

• RSpec - Testing framework
• Capybara - System/integration testing
• FactoryBot - Test data generation

Best Practices

General Guidelines

• Write tests first or alongside implementation
• Avoid manual testing via console
• Use factories for test data creation
• Keep tests focused and readable

RSpec Conventions

• Use descriptive context and describe blocks
• Follow the arrange-act-assert pattern
• Use let for test data setup
• Prefer let over instance variables

let vs let! (Lazy vs Eager Evaluation)

Use let (lazy evaluation) when:

• The variable is explicitly referenced in the test
• You want to avoid unnecessary database writes
• The record creation has side effects you want to control

Use let! (eager evaluation) when:

• Records must exist in the database before the test runs
• The variable is not directly referenced but its existence is required
• Testing queries that search for records (e.g., index pages, search functionality)
• Setting up background data that other records depend on

Example - System Tests:

RSpec.describe 'Job Management', type: :system do
  # Use let! - these records must exist in DB for dropdowns and queries
  let!(:location) { create(:location, name: 'Downtown Site') }
  let!(:superintendent) { create(:user, :superintendent) }

  # Use let - only created when explicitly referenced in a test
  let(:job) { create(:job, name: 'Test Job', location:, superintendent:) }

  it 'shows location in dropdown' do
    visit new_job_path
    # location must exist in DB for dropdown to display it
    expect(page).to have_select('Location', with_options: [location.name])
  end

  it 'can delete a job' do
    visit job_path(job)  # job created here when first referenced
    click_button 'Delete'
  end
end

Common Pitfall:

# ❌ WRONG - Test will fail because job2 doesn't exist in DB yet
let(:job1) { create(:job, name: 'Job 1') }
let(:job2) { create(:job, name: 'Job 2') }

it 'lists all jobs' do
  visit jobs_path
  expect(page).to have_content('Job 1')  # job1 created when referenced
  expect(page).to have_content('Job 2')  # FAIL - job2 never referenced, not in DB
end

# ✅ CORRECT - Both jobs exist before test runs
let!(:job1) { create(:job, name: 'Job 1') }
let!(:job2) { create(:job, name: 'Job 2') }

it 'lists all jobs' do
  visit jobs_path
  expect(page).to have_content('Job 1')  # Both jobs already in DB
  expect(page).to have_content('Job 2')  # Test passes
end

Key Insight: If you expect to see data without explicitly interacting with the object variable (like viewing a list or selecting from a dropdown), use let! to ensure the record exists in the database.

Validation Testing Pattern

Test validations explicitly using build with invalid data, then verify the model is invalid and check error messages:

describe 'validations' do
  it 'must have a start date' do
    membership = build(:membership, start_date: nil)

    expect(membership).not_to be_valid
    expect(membership.errors.full_messages).to contain_exactly "Start date can't be blank"
  end

  it 'enforces end date must follow start date' do
    membership = build(:membership, start_date: 1.year.ago, end_date: 2.years.ago)

    expect(membership).not_to be_valid
    expect(membership.errors.full_messages).to contain_exactly 'End date must follow start date'
  end

  it 'permits empty end date' do
    membership = build(:membership, start_date: 1.year.ago, end_date: nil)

    expect(membership).to be_valid
  end
end

Key points:

• Use build instead of create to avoid database writes
• Test both invalid and valid scenarios
• Verify exact error messages with full_messages
• Use descriptive test names that explain the business rule
• Don't test associations or enums

Capybara System Tests

• Test user-facing functionality
• Use data-testid attributes with dom_id for reliable element selection
• Test happy paths and edge cases
• Ensure tests are deterministic
• Avoid sleep statements; use Capybara's waiting mechanisms such as native expectations of elements to appear
• Use :js (e.g. it 'does something',:js do) for specs that run javascript such as stimulus controllers

Element Selection with data-testid

Use data-testid attributes with dom_id for stable, reliable element selection that's resistant to UI changes:

View:

tbody
  - @entries.each do |entry|
    tr data-testid=dom_id(entry)
      td= entry.name

Spec:

within(data_test(entry1)) do
  click_button 'Submit'
end

Benefits:

• Resilient to text changes (descriptions, labels, etc.)
• Works with dynamic content
• Self-documenting test intent
• Easier to refactor views

Avoid:

• Text-based lookups: within('tr', text: 'Entry 1')
• CSS class selectors that may change during styling
• Overly specific DOM traversal

Scoping with within Blocks

When elements are ambiguous (multiple buttons/links with same text), use within blocks to scope interactions:

Best Practice: Always use within blocks when:

1. Multiple elements share the same text/label
2. Interacting with modals, panels, or overlays
3. Working with repeating elements (table rows, cards)
4. Tests fail with "Ambiguous match" errors

Turbo Confirm Dialogs

When testing actions that trigger Turbo confirm dialogs (e.g., delete buttons with data: {turbo_confirm: 'message'}), use the provided helper methods.

Setup:

Create the helper file:

# spec/support/turbo_confirm_helper.rb
module TurboConfirmHelper
  def accept_turbo_confirm
    yield
    expect(page).to have_css '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active', wait: 5
    sleep(0.5)
    within '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active' do
      find('#confirm-accept').click
    end
    expect(page).to_not have_css '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active', wait: 5
  end

  def deny_turbo_confirm
    yield
    expect(page).to have_css '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active', wait: 5
    sleep(0.5)
    within '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active' do
      find('#confirm-cancel').click
    end
    expect(page).to_not have_css '.confirm-dialog-wrapper--active', wait: 5
  end
end

Include in RSpec configuration:

# spec/support/helpers.rb
RSpec.configure do |c|
  # ...existing code...
  c.include TurboConfirmHelper, type: :system
end

Usage in Tests:

accept_turbo_confirm do
  click_button 'Delete'
end

deny_turbo_confirm do
  click_button 'Delete'
end

Key Points:

• Always use :js tag for tests involving Turbo confirm dialogs
• Pass the action that triggers the confirm as a block to the helper
• The helper automatically waits for the dialog to appear and disappear
• Use accept_turbo_confirm to click "Yes, I'm Sure"
• Use deny_turbo_confirm to click "Cancel"
• Helpers include proper wait times and scoping for reliability

FactoryBot

• Define factories for all models
• Use traits for variations
• Keep factories minimal
• Override attributes in tests as needed
• Always use build or create instead of direct model instantiation
• Use build for validation tests to avoid database writes
• Use create when you need persisted records

Future Topics

• Mocking and stubbing patterns
• Test organization strategies
• Performance testing
• CI/CD integration