PySide6 QML MVC Architecture
Desktop GUI applications in this workspace use Python + PySide6 with QML files for the view layer, following a strict Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. This skill documents the canonical project structure, bootstrap pattern, and layer responsibilities derived from the ds_pas/ application.
Architecture Overview
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ View Layer (QML files) │
│ Declarative UI, data binding, signals │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────────┘
│ Properties, Signals, Slots
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────┐
│ Python-QML Bridge │
│ QObject subclasses exposed to QML │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────────┘
│
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────┐
│ Controller Layer │
│ Coordinate models & services │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────────┘
│
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────┐
│ Model Layer │
│ Data structures, validation, signals │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────────┘
│
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────┐
│ Services Layer │
│ Database, files, network, broker │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘Project Structure
my_app/
├── app.py # Bootstrap & DI container (singleton)
├── __init__.py # Package init
├── __main__.py # Entry point: python -m my_app
├── controllers/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── base.py # BaseController with view registry
│ └── *_controller.py # Domain controllers (job, settings, etc.)
├── models/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── base.py # BaseModel with property_changed signal
│ ├── state.py # ApplicationState singleton
│ └── *.py # Domain models (job, piece, customer, etc.)
├── views/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── bridge.py # QObject bridge classes exposed to QML
│ ├── main_window.py # Main window setup (QQmlApplicationEngine)
│ └── components/ # Reusable Python view helpers
├── services/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── database/ # Repository pattern for data access
│ └── *.py # External interaction services
├── resources/
│ ├── qml/
│ │ ├── main.qml # Root QML component
│ │ ├── components/ # Reusable QML components
│ │ ├── pages/ # Page-level QML views
│ │ └── styles/ # Theme and style definitions
│ ├── icons/ # SVG/PNG icons
│ └── qml.qrc # Qt resource file (optional)
├── utils/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── signals.py # Central SignalRegistry
│ ├── types.py # Type aliases, protocols, ServiceLocator
│ └── paths.py # Path resolution helpers
└── tests/
└── *.pyLayer Responsibilities
| Component | Responsibility | MUST NOT |
|---|---|---|
| Model | Data structures, validation, serialization, property_changed signals | Touch UI, call services, reference QML |
| View (QML) | Declarative UI layout, data binding to bridge properties, user input capture | Contain business logic, call services directly |
| Bridge | QObject subclasses that expose model data and controller actions to QML | Contain business logic, directly manipulate QML |
| Controller | Coordinate models & services, handle actions, emit signals | Manipulate UI directly, import QML types |
| Service | Database queries, file I/O, network calls, IPC | Reference models, views, or controllers |
Application Bootstrap (DI Container)
The application class is a singleton that wires all layers together:
"""app.py — Bootstrap & DI container."""
import sys
import logging
from typing import Any
from pathlib import Path
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication
from PySide6.QtQml import QQmlApplicationEngine
from PySide6.QtCore import QObject, QUrl
from my_app.utils.signals import SignalRegistry, get_signal_registry
from my_app.utils.types import ServiceLocator
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class MyApplication:
"""Singleton application with DI container."""
_instance: "MyApplication | None" = None
def __new__(cls, dev_mode: bool = False) -> "MyApplication":
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
cls._instance._initialized = False
return cls._instance
def __init__(self, dev_mode: bool = False) -> None:
if self._initialized:
return
self._initialized = True
self._dev_mode = dev_mode
self._qt_app: QApplication | None = None
self._engine: QQmlApplicationEngine | None = None
self._services: dict[str, Any] = {}
self._controllers: dict[str, Any] = {}
self._signals = get_signal_registry()
self._service_locator = ServiceLocator()
def _register_services(self) -> None:
"""Create and register all service instances."""
# self._services["db"] = DatabaseService(...)
pass
def _register_controllers(self) -> None:
"""Create controllers with injected dependencies."""
# self._controllers["job"] = JobController(
# signals=self._signals,
# repository=self._services["db"],
# )
pass
def _register_qml_types(self) -> None:
"""Register Python bridge objects as QML context properties."""
ctx = self._engine.rootContext()
# ctx.setContextProperty("jobBridge", self._bridges["job"])
pass
def run(self) -> int:
self._qt_app = QApplication(sys.argv)
self._register_services()
self._register_controllers()
self._engine = QQmlApplicationEngine()
self._register_qml_types()
qml_path = Path(__file__).parent / "resources" / "qml" / "main.qml"
self._engine.load(QUrl.fromLocalFile(str(qml_path)))
if not self._engine.rootObjects():
return -1
return self._qt_app.exec()Entry Point
"""__main__.py"""
import sys
from my_app.app import MyApplication
def main():
app = MyApplication(dev_mode="--dev" in sys.argv)
sys.exit(app.run())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()ServiceLocator Pattern
"""utils/types.py — Type aliases, protocols, and DI container."""
from typing import Any, Protocol, TypeVar, runtime_checkable
T = TypeVar("T")
@runtime_checkable
class IController(Protocol):
def initialize(self) -> None: ...
def cleanup(self) -> None: ...
@runtime_checkable
class IService(Protocol):
def initialize(self) -> None: ...
def shutdown(self) -> None: ...
class ServiceLocator:
"""Lightweight DI container for service instances."""
_instance: "ServiceLocator | None" = None
def __new__(cls) -> "ServiceLocator":
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
cls._instance._services = {}
return cls._instance
def register(self, name: str, service: Any) -> None:
self._services[name] = service
def get(self, name: str) -> Any:
if name not in self._services:
raise KeyError(f"Service '{name}' not registered")
return self._services[name]
def has(self, name: str) -> bool:
return name in self._servicesSignal Flow
User Action (QML)
↓
QML emits signal / calls slot on Bridge
↓
Bridge delegates to Controller
↓
Controller calls Service
↓
Service returns result
↓
Controller updates Model
↓
Model emits property_changed
↓
Bridge property notifies QML (via NOTIFY)
↓
QML binding automatically updates UIKey Design Rules
- QML files are declarative only — no JavaScript business logic, no direct service calls
- Python bridge objects are the sole interface between QML and the Python backend
- Controllers never import QML types — they operate through bridge signals/properties
- Models are pure data — no UI imports, no service calls
- Services are stateless workers — no model references, no UI knowledge
- All cross-layer communication flows through the
SignalRegistryor Qt property bindings - Singletons (
Application,SignalRegistry,ServiceLocator,ApplicationState) use the__new__pattern for thread-safe reuse
File Size Guidelines
- Keep files focused on a single responsibility
- Split files exceeding ~300-400 lines into submodules
- Extract reusable QML components into
resources/qml/components/ - Group related controllers/services by domain (e.g.,
controllers/job_controller.py)