open-closed-principle（开闭原则）

Open/Closed Principle (OCP)

Overview

Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.

When new functionality is needed, extend the system with new code rather than modifying existing code. If adding a feature requires changing existing if/else chains, you're violating OCP.

When to Use

• Adding a new payment method, notification channel, export format, etc.
• Tempted to add another if/else or switch case
• Existing code works but needs new variants
• Feature request: "add support for X"

The Iron Rule

NEVER add another branch to an existing if/else or switch statement.

No exceptions:

• Not for "it's just one more case"
• Not for "we'll refactor later"
• Not for "the pattern is already established"
• Not for "it's faster this way"

Noting the problem while doing it anyway is still a violation.

Detection: The "Add Branch" Smell

If your solution involves this pattern, STOP:

// ❌ VIOLATION: Adding branches
if (type === 'existing') {
  // existing logic
} else if (type === 'new') {  // ← Adding this = OCP violation
  // new logic
}

Every else if you add is a modification to existing code that works.

The Correct Pattern: Strategy/Plugin

Instead of modifying, extend:

// ✅ CORRECT: Define interface, implement separately
interface PaymentMethod {
  process(amount: number): boolean;
}

class CreditCardPayment implements PaymentMethod {
  process(amount: number): boolean { /* ... */ }
}

class PayPalPayment implements PaymentMethod {
  process(amount: number): boolean { /* ... */ }
}

// Processor doesn't change when adding new methods
class PaymentProcessor {
  constructor(private methods: Map<string, PaymentMethod>) {}

  process(type: string, amount: number): boolean {
    const method = this.methods.get(type);
    if (!method) throw new Error(`Unknown: ${type}`);
    return method.process(amount);
  }

  register(type: string, method: PaymentMethod): void {
    this.methods.set(type, method);
  }
}

Adding Apple Pay? Create ApplePayPayment, call register(). Zero modifications to PaymentProcessor.

Pressure Resistance Protocol

1. "Just Add Another Case"

Pressure: "The quickest approach: add more if/else branches"

Response: Adding branches takes the same time as creating a new class. The "quick" approach creates unmaintainable code.

Action: Create interface + implementation. Register the new variant.

2. "The Pattern Is Already There"

Pressure: "The code already uses if/else, just extend it"

Response: Existing violations don't justify more violations. This is the moment to refactor.

Action:

1. Extract interface from existing branches
2. Convert branches to implementations
3. Add your new implementation

3. "We'll Refactor Later"

Pressure: "Add it now, we'll clean up later"

Response: You won't. The if/else will grow to 15 cases. Technical debt compounds.

Action: Refactor now. It takes 10 minutes. Adding to the mess takes the same time.

4. "I'll Note It But Do It Anyway"

Pressure: Internal rationalization that awareness = compliance

Response: Noting the problem while violating the principle is still a violation.

Action: Don't add the branch. Refactor instead. Comments about "should use strategy pattern" are not acceptable.

Red Flags - STOP and Reconsider

If you notice ANY of these, you're about to violate OCP:

• Adding else if to existing conditional
• Adding case to existing switch
• Typing the same if/else structure that's already there
• Thinking "I'll mention this should be refactored"
• Method has more than 3 type-based branches

All of these mean: Create an interface and implementation instead.

Refactoring Existing Violations

When you encounter existing if/else chains:

// BEFORE: 5 branches in processPayment
if (type === 'card') { ... }
else if (type === 'paypal') { ... }
else if (type === 'apple') { ... }
else if (type === 'google') { ... }
else if (type === 'crypto') { ... }

// AFTER: Strategy pattern
interface PaymentMethod { process(amount: number): boolean; }
class CardPayment implements PaymentMethod { ... }
class PayPalPayment implements PaymentMethod { ... }
// etc.

Refactor on touch: When asked to add the 6th branch, refactor instead.

Quick Reference

Common Rationalizations (All Invalid)

The Bottom Line

Open for extension. Closed for modification.

When adding new functionality:

1. Create an interface (if none exists)
2. Implement the interface for the new variant
3. Register/inject the new implementation

Never add branches. Never "note it but do it anyway." Awareness without action is not compliance.