accessibility-auditor（无障碍审核员）

Accessibility Auditor

Instructions

When auditing accessibility:

1. Run automated checks (axe, Lighthouse)
2. Manual keyboard testing
3. Screen reader testing
4. Check WCAG criteria
5. Provide fixes

Automated Testing

# Lighthouse accessibility audit
npx lighthouse https://yoursite.com --only-categories=accessibility --view

# axe-core CLI
npx @axe-core/cli https://yoursite.com

# Pa11y
npx pa11y https://yoursite.com

React Testing Library + jest-axe

import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
import { axe, toHaveNoViolations } from 'jest-axe';

expect.extend(toHaveNoViolations);

test('Button has no accessibility violations', async () => {
  const { container } = render(<Button>Click me</Button>);
  const results = await axe(container);
  expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
});

Playwright Accessibility Testing

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';

test('page has no accessibility violations', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');

  const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).analyze();
  expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});

WCAG Checklist

Level A (Minimum)

Perceivable

• 1.1.1 Non-text content has alt text
• 1.3.1 Info and relationships are programmatically determined
• 1.3.2 Meaningful reading sequence
• 1.4.1 Color is not the only way to convey info

Operable

• 2.1.1 All functionality available via keyboard
• 2.1.2 No keyboard traps
• 2.4.1 Skip navigation link provided
• 2.4.2 Pages have descriptive titles
• 2.4.3 Focus order is logical
• 2.4.4 Link purpose is clear

Understandable

• 3.1.1 Page language is specified
• 3.2.1 Focus doesn't cause unexpected changes
• 3.3.1 Errors are identified and described
• 3.3.2 Labels or instructions provided

Robust

• 4.1.1 Valid HTML (no duplicate IDs, proper nesting)
• 4.1.2 Name, role, value for all UI components

Level AA (Standard Target)

• 1.4.3 Contrast ratio 4.5:1 for text
• 1.4.4 Text resizable to 200%
• 1.4.10 Content reflows at 320px width
• 2.4.6 Headings and labels are descriptive
• 2.4.7 Focus indicator is visible
• 3.2.3 Navigation is consistent
• 3.2.4 Components identified consistently

Common Issues & Fixes

1. Missing Alt Text

// Bad
<img src="/hero.jpg" />

// Good - Informative image
<img src="/hero.jpg" alt="Team collaborating in modern office" />

// Good - Decorative image
<img src="/decoration.jpg" alt="" role="presentation" />

// Good - Icon button
<button aria-label="Close dialog">
  <XIcon aria-hidden="true" />
</button>

2. Missing Form Labels

// Bad
<input type="email" placeholder="Email" />

// Good - Visible label
<div>
  <label htmlFor="email">Email</label>
  <input id="email" type="email" />
</div>

// Good - Visually hidden label
<div>
  <label htmlFor="search" className="sr-only">Search</label>
  <input id="search" type="search" placeholder="Search..." />
</div>

3. Poor Color Contrast

// Bad - 2.5:1 ratio
<p className="text-gray-400 bg-white">Low contrast text</p>

// Good - 4.5:1+ ratio
<p className="text-gray-700 bg-white">Accessible text</p>

// Check contrast: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/

4. Missing Focus Styles

/* Bad - Removes focus */
*:focus { outline: none; }

/* Good - Custom focus style */
*:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #3b82f6;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Tailwind */
.btn {
  @apply focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500 focus-visible:ring-offset-2;
}

5. Non-semantic HTML

// Bad
<div onClick={handleClick}>Click me</div>

// Good
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</button>

// Bad
<div className="header">...</div>

// Good
<header>...</header>

6. Missing ARIA for Dynamic Content

// Loading state
<button disabled aria-busy="true">
  <span className="sr-only">Loading</span>
  <Spinner aria-hidden="true" />
</button>

// Live region for updates
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  {message && <p>{message}</p>}
</div>

// Modal
<div
  role="dialog"
  aria-modal="true"
  aria-labelledby="modal-title"
>
  <h2 id="modal-title">Dialog Title</h2>
</div>

7. Skip Link

// Add as first focusable element
<a
  href="#main-content"
  className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50 focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:bg-white"
>
  Skip to main content
</a>

<main id="main-content">
  ...
</main>

Screen Reader Only Class

/* Visually hidden but accessible */
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}

/* Show on focus (for skip links) */
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  padding: inherit;
  margin: inherit;
  overflow: visible;
  clip: auto;
  white-space: normal;
}

Keyboard Testing Checklist

1. Tab through page - Logical order?
2. Enter/Space on buttons - Activates?
3. Arrow keys in menus - Navigates?
4. Escape - Closes modals/dropdowns?
5. Focus visible - Always visible?
6. No traps - Can tab out of all components?

Common ARIA Patterns

// Tabs
<div role="tablist">
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1">Tab 1</button>
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2">Tab 2</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1">Content 1</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" hidden>Content 2</div>

// Accordion
<button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="content-1">Section 1</button>
<div id="content-1">Content</div>

// Menu
<button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false">Options</button>
<ul role="menu" hidden>
  <li role="menuitem">Option 1</li>
  <li role="menuitem">Option 2</li>
</ul>

// Alert
<div role="alert">Error: Please fix the form</div>

// Progress
<div role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">
  50%
</div>

Tools

• axe DevTools - Browser extension
• WAVE - Browser extension
• Lighthouse - Built into Chrome
• NVDA - Free Windows screen reader
• VoiceOver - Built into macOS (Cmd+F5)
• Color Contrast Analyzer - Desktop app