e2e-test-builder（e2e 测试构建器）

E2E Test Builder

Build reliable end-to-end tests for critical user flows.

Playwright Test Setup

// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "@playwright/test";

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: "./e2e",
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: "html",
  use: {
    baseURL: "http://localhost:3000",
    trace: "on-first-retry",
    screenshot: "only-on-failure",
  },
  projects: [
    {
      name: "chromium",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] },
    },
    {
      name: "firefox",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Firefox"] },
    },
    {
      name: "webkit",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Safari"] },
    },
    {
      name: "Mobile Chrome",
      use: { ...devices["Pixel 5"] },
    },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: "npm run dev",
    url: "http://localhost:3000",
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
  },
});

Critical Flow Tests

// e2e/checkout-flow.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";

test.describe("Checkout Flow", () => {
  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    // Navigate to home page
    await page.goto("/");

    // Login
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Login" }).click();
    await page.getByLabel("Email").fill("test@example.com");
    await page.getByLabel("Password").fill("password123");
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Sign In" }).click();

    // Wait for dashboard
    await expect(page).toHaveURL("/dashboard");
  });

  test("should complete checkout successfully", async ({ page }) => {
    // 1. Browse products
    await page.getByRole("link", { name: "Products" }).click();
    await expect(page).toHaveURL("/products");

    // 2. Add product to cart
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Add to Cart" }).first().click();
    await expect(page.getByText("Added to cart")).toBeVisible();

    // 3. Go to cart
    await page.getByRole("link", { name: "Cart" }).click();
    await expect(page).toHaveURL("/cart");
    await expect(
      page.getByRole("heading", { name: "Shopping Cart" })
    ).toBeVisible();

    // 4. Proceed to checkout
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Checkout" }).click();
    await expect(page).toHaveURL("/checkout");

    // 5. Fill shipping information
    await page.getByLabel("Full Name").fill("John Doe");
    await page.getByLabel("Address").fill("123 Main St");
    await page.getByLabel("City").fill("New York");
    await page.getByLabel("ZIP Code").fill("10001");

    // 6. Fill payment information
    await page.getByLabel("Card Number").fill("4242424242424242");
    await page.getByLabel("Expiry Date").fill("12/25");
    await page.getByLabel("CVC").fill("123");

    // 7. Place order
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Place Order" }).click();

    // 8. Verify success
    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/order\/\d+/);
    await expect(page.getByText("Order confirmed!")).toBeVisible();
    await expect(page.getByText(/Order #\d+/)).toBeVisible();
  });

  test("should show validation errors for empty fields", async ({ page }) => {
    // Navigate to checkout
    await page.goto("/checkout");

    // Try to submit without filling fields
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Place Order" }).click();

    // Verify validation errors
    await expect(page.getByText("Name is required")).toBeVisible();
    await expect(page.getByText("Address is required")).toBeVisible();
    await expect(page.getByText("Card number is required")).toBeVisible();
  });

  test("should handle payment failure", async ({ page }) => {
    // Add product and go to checkout
    await page.goto("/products");
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Add to Cart" }).first().click();
    await page.goto("/checkout");

    // Fill with failing card number
    await page.getByLabel("Card Number").fill("4000000000000002");
    await page.getByLabel("Expiry Date").fill("12/25");
    await page.getByLabel("CVC").fill("123");

    // Submit
    await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Place Order" }).click();

    // Verify error message
    await expect(page.getByText("Payment failed")).toBeVisible();
    await expect(page.getByText("Please try a different card")).toBeVisible();
  });
});

Page Object Pattern

// e2e/pages/LoginPage.ts
export class LoginPage {
  constructor(private page: Page) {}

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto("/login");
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.page.getByLabel("Email").fill(email);
    await this.page.getByLabel("Password").fill(password);
    await this.page.getByRole("button", { name: "Sign In" }).click();
  }

  async expectLoginSuccess() {
    await expect(this.page).toHaveURL("/dashboard");
  }

  async expectLoginError(message: string) {
    await expect(this.page.getByText(message)).toBeVisible();
  }
}

// e2e/pages/ProductPage.ts
export class ProductPage {
  constructor(private page: Page) {}

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto("/products");
  }

  async addToCart(productName: string) {
    const product = this.page.locator(`[data-product="${productName}"]`);
    await product.getByRole("button", { name: "Add to Cart" }).click();
  }

  async expectProductVisible(productName: string) {
    await expect(
      this.page.getByRole("heading", { name: productName })
    ).toBeVisible();
  }
}

// Usage in tests
test("should login and add product", async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  const productPage = new ProductPage(page);

  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login("test@example.com", "password123");
  await loginPage.expectLoginSuccess();

  await productPage.goto();
  await productPage.addToCart("MacBook Pro");
});

Selector Strategy

// Preferred selector priority:
// 1. Role-based (most resilient)
await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" });
await page.getByRole("link", { name: "Products" });
await page.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Email" });

// 2. Label-based (semantic)
await page.getByLabel("Email address");
await page.getByLabel("Password");

// 3. Test ID (for complex cases)
await page.getByTestId("user-menu");
await page.getByTestId("product-card-123");

// 4. Text content (for unique text)
await page.getByText("Welcome back!");
await page.getByText(/Order #\d+/);

// ❌ Avoid: CSS selectors (brittle)
// await page.locator('.btn.btn-primary');
// await page.locator('#submit-button');

Test Data Management

// e2e/fixtures/test-data.ts
export const testData = {
  users: {
    admin: {
      email: "admin@example.com",
      password: "admin123",
    },
    customer: {
      email: "customer@example.com",
      password: "customer123",
    },
  },
  products: {
    laptop: {
      name: "MacBook Pro",
      price: 2499.99,
    },
    phone: {
      name: "iPhone 15",
      price: 999.99,
    },
  },
  cards: {
    valid: "4242424242424242",
    declined: "4000000000000002",
    insufficientFunds: "4000000000009995",
  },
};

// e2e/setup/seed-test-data.ts
export async function seedTestData() {
  const prisma = new PrismaClient();

  // Create test users
  await prisma.user.upsert({
    where: { email: testData.users.customer.email },
    create: {
      email: testData.users.customer.email,
      password: await hash(testData.users.customer.password),
    },
    update: {},
  });

  // Create test products
  await prisma.product.upsert({
    where: { name: testData.products.laptop.name },
    create: testData.products.laptop,
    update: {},
  });

  await prisma.$disconnect();
}

Visual Regression Testing

// e2e/visual/homepage.spec.ts
test("homepage should match screenshot", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");

  // Take full page screenshot
  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot("homepage.png", {
    fullPage: true,
    maxDiffPixels: 100, // Allow minor differences
  });
});

test("product card should match screenshot", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/products");

  const productCard = page.locator('[data-testid="product-card"]').first();

  // Take element screenshot
  await expect(productCard).toHaveScreenshot("product-card.png");
});

Mobile Testing

// e2e/mobile/checkout-mobile.spec.ts
test.use({ viewport: { width: 375, height: 667 } }); // iPhone SE

test("should complete mobile checkout", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");

  // Open mobile menu
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Menu" }).click();
  await page.getByRole("link", { name: "Products" }).click();

  // Add to cart
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Add to Cart" }).first().click();

  // Continue with checkout
  // ...
});

Network Mocking

// e2e/mocked/payment-api.spec.ts
test("should handle payment API timeout", async ({ page }) => {
  // Mock slow payment API
  await page.route("**/api/payment", async (route) => {
    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5000));
    await route.fulfill({
      status: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify({ success: true }),
    });
  });

  // Proceed with checkout
  await page.goto("/checkout");
  // ... fill form ...
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Place Order" }).click();

  // Should show loading state
  await expect(page.getByText("Processing payment...")).toBeVisible();
});

Best Practices

1. Test user flows: Not individual components
2. Use role-based selectors: More resilient
3. Page objects: Reusable and maintainable
4. Wait for elements: Don't use fixed sleeps
5. Test critical paths: Login, checkout, signup
6. Manage test data: Isolated per test
7. Visual regression: Key pages only

Output Checklist

• Playwright/Cypress configured
• Critical flows identified
• Page objects created
• Selector strategy defined (role-based)
• Test data management
• Setup/teardown hooks
• Authentication flow tested
• Error states tested
• Mobile viewport tests
• CI integration configured