monitoring-alerting-commerce（监控警报商业）

Monitoring & Alerting — Commerce

Overview

Generic infrastructure monitoring (CPU, memory, error rate) is insufficient for e-commerce — you need commerce-domain metrics: checkout funnel conversion rates, payment success/failure breakdown by gateway and card type, cart abandonment rates, and inventory out-of-stock events. This skill covers setting up monitoring across different platforms and instrumenting custom storefronts with OpenTelemetry, building dashboards for commerce KPIs, and setting up alerts that fire before revenue impact becomes visible in sales reports.

When to Use This Skill

• When setting up observability for a new headless storefront or commerce service
• When an incident occurred and you had no alerting in place to catch it early
• When you need real-time visibility into checkout performance and payment failures
• When diagnosing a drop in conversion rate that may be caused by a technical issue
• When preparing SLOs (Service Level Objectives) for the checkout flow before a major sale

Core Instructions

Step 1: Determine your platform and what you can monitor

Step 2: Platform-specific monitoring setup

Shopify

Set up GA4 checkout funnel tracking:

1. In your Shopify admin, go to Online Store → Preferences → Google Analytics
2. Connect your GA4 property — Shopify sends all standard e-commerce events automatically (page_view, add_to_cart, begin_checkout, purchase)
3. In Google Analytics → Explore, create a funnel exploration:

- Step 1: begin_checkout event - Step 2: add_shipping_info event - Step 3: add_payment_info event - Step 4: purchase event - This shows you exactly where shoppers are dropping off in checkout

Monitor your store's Core Web Vitals:

1. Go to Online Store → Themes and click View report
2. This shows real-user LCP, CLS, and FID data from actual shoppers
3. A poor mobile LCP score (red, > 4s) almost always means your hero image needs optimization or fetchpriority="high"

Set up availability and error alerting:

1. Install Lucky Orange ($19/month) or Microsoft Clarity (free) to capture session recordings when checkout errors occur — this shows exactly what shoppers see when something breaks
2. Set up a Shopify Email or Slack notification for failed orders: go to Settings → Notifications and enable the Order payment failure notification
3. For uptime monitoring: use Uptime Robot (free, 5-minute checks) or Better Uptime to alert you if your store URL becomes unreachable

WooCommerce

Connect WooCommerce to GA4:

1. Install MonsterInsights (free tier available, Pro from $99/year) from wordpress.org
2. Go to Insights → Settings → General and connect your GA4 property
3. Enable Enhanced eCommerce tracking — this sends add_to_cart, begin_checkout, and purchase events to GA4 automatically

Track checkout funnel drop-off:

1. Install WooFunnels (free tier available) from wordpress.org
2. Create a funnel with your cart, checkout, and order confirmation pages as steps
3. WooFunnels shows you the conversion rate at each step and where shoppers abandon

Set up uptime and error alerting:

1. Sign up for Uptime Robot (free tier: 50 monitors, 5-minute checks)
2. Add monitors for your homepage, shop page, checkout page, and /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php (WooCommerce uses this heavily)
3. Set up email or Slack notifications when any monitor goes down

Monitor server health:

1. In your hosting control panel (cPanel, Cloudways, Kinsta), enable email alerts for:

- PHP error logs (fatal errors) - Disk usage above 80% - Memory usage above 80%

1. Install Query Monitor plugin (free, wordpress.org) in a staging environment to identify slow database queries during development — disable on production

Custom / Headless

For custom storefronts, implement a full observability stack: OpenTelemetry for instrumentation, Prometheus or Grafana Cloud for metrics storage, and Grafana for dashboards.

Define commerce SLOs before building dashboards — these become your alert thresholds:

Instrument your storefront with OpenTelemetry:

npm install @opentelemetry/sdk-node @opentelemetry/auto-instrumentations-node \
  @opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-http @opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http \
  @opentelemetry/sdk-metrics

// instrumentation.ts — import before any other module
import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node';
import { getNodeAutoInstrumentations } from '@opentelemetry/auto-instrumentations-node';
import { OTLPTraceExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http';
import { OTLPMetricExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-http';
import { PeriodicExportingMetricReader } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics';

const sdk = new NodeSDK({
  serviceName: 'commerce-storefront',
  traceExporter: new OTLPTraceExporter({ url: process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT }),
  metricReader: new PeriodicExportingMetricReader({
    exporter: new OTLPMetricExporter({ url: process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT }),
    exportIntervalMillis: 15000,
  }),
  instrumentations: [getNodeAutoInstrumentations({
    '@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http': { enabled: true },
    '@opentelemetry/instrumentation-pg': { enabled: true },
    '@opentelemetry/instrumentation-ioredis': { enabled: true },
  })],
});
sdk.start();

Track checkout funnel metrics:

// lib/metrics/checkout-metrics.ts
import { metrics } from '@opentelemetry/api';

const meter = metrics.getMeter('commerce-checkout');

const checkoutStarted = meter.createCounter('checkout.started');
const checkoutCompleted = meter.createCounter('checkout.completed');
const paymentAttempts = meter.createCounter('payment.attempts');
const paymentSuccesses = meter.createCounter('payment.successes');
const paymentFailures = meter.createCounter('payment.failures');
const orderCreationDuration = meter.createHistogram('order.creation.duration_ms', {
  boundaries: [100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000],
});

export const checkoutMetrics = {
  recordCheckoutStart(channel: string) {
    checkoutStarted.add(1, { channel });
  },
  recordCheckoutComplete(channel: string, paymentMethod: string) {
    checkoutCompleted.add(1, { channel, payment_method: paymentMethod });
  },
  recordPaymentAttempt(gateway: string, method: string) {
    paymentAttempts.add(1, { gateway, method });
  },
  recordPaymentSuccess(gateway: string, method: string) {
    paymentSuccesses.add(1, { gateway, method });
  },
  recordPaymentFailure(gateway: string, declineCode: string) {
    paymentFailures.add(1, { gateway, decline_code: declineCode });
  },
  recordOrderCreation(durationMs: number, channel: string) {
    orderCreationDuration.record(durationMs, { channel });
  },
};

PromQL queries for Grafana dashboard panels:

# Payment success rate (gauge panel — target 95%)
rate(payment_successes_total[5m])
/
(rate(payment_successes_total[5m]) + rate(payment_failures_total[5m]))

# Checkout P99 latency
histogram_quantile(0.99,
  sum(rate(order_creation_duration_ms_bucket[5m])) by (le, channel)
)

# Checkout funnel conversion rate
rate(checkout_completed_total[1h]) / rate(checkout_started_total[1h])

# Payment failures by decline code (top 5)
topk(5, sum(rate(payment_failures_total[5m])) by (decline_code))

Prometheus alerting rules:

# prometheus/commerce-alerts.yaml
groups:
  - name: commerce-critical
    rules:
      - alert: PaymentSuccessRateLow
        expr: |
          (
            rate(payment_successes_total[5m]) /
            (rate(payment_successes_total[5m]) + rate(payment_failures_total[5m]))
          ) < 0.90
        for: 2m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "Payment success rate below 90%"
          description: "Rate is {{ $value | humanizePercentage }}. Check Stripe status page and recent deployments."
          runbook: "https://wiki.mystore.com/runbooks/payment-failures"

      - alert: CheckoutHighLatency
        expr: |
          histogram_quantile(0.99,
            sum(rate(order_creation_duration_ms_bucket[5m])) by (le)
          ) > 5000
        for: 3m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "Checkout P99 latency above 5 seconds"
          description: "P99 is {{ $value }}ms. Check database slow query log and Redis connection pool."

      - alert: CheckoutServiceDown
        expr: rate(checkout_started_total[5m]) == 0
        for: 2m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "No checkouts being started — possible service outage"

Add Real User Monitoring for Core Web Vitals:

// lib/rum.ts — initialize in root layout
import { onCLS, onINP, onLCP, onFCP, onTTFB } from 'web-vitals';

function sendVital(metric: any) {
  navigator.sendBeacon?.('/api/rum/vitals', JSON.stringify({
    name: metric.name,
    value: metric.value,
    rating: metric.rating, // 'good', 'needs-improvement', 'poor'
    page: window.location.pathname,
  }));
}

export function initRUM() {
  onCLS(sendVital);
  onINP(sendVital);
  onLCP(sendVital);
  onFCP(sendVital);
  onTTFB(sendVital);
}

Best Practices

• Alert on symptoms, not causes — alert on "payment success rate < 90%" (a symptom affecting revenue), not "Stripe API latency > 500ms" (a cause); symptom-based alerts fire faster and are more actionable
• Track checkout funnel step-by-step — instrument each step (cart → checkout → payment → confirmation) separately so you can identify exactly where users drop off
• Monitor decline codes, not just failure counts — a 10% failure rate dominated by insufficient_funds is different from do_not_honor (possible fraud or issuer outage); they require completely different responses
• Use synthetic monitoring for availability — RUM depends on real traffic; scheduled synthetic checkout flows (Playwright + Lambda) catch outages at 3 AM before customers do
• Link runbooks in every alert — every alert annotation should include a runbook URL pointing to a page describing how to diagnose and resolve that specific condition
• Set for duration to avoid alert flapping — a 30-second latency spike is normal; alerts with for: 2m only fire if the condition is sustained

Common Pitfalls

Related Skills

• @flash-sale-scaling
• @load-testing-commerce
• @database-optimization-commerce
• @edge-commerce