testing（测试）

Testing

A disciplined approach to verifying that software behaves correctly, remains stable under change, and communicates intent to future developers. Good tests act as living documentation, a safety net for refactoring, and a design feedback mechanism.

This skill covers universal testing concepts that apply regardless of language, framework, or tooling.

When to Use

• Designing a test strategy for a new project or feature
• Deciding what level of testing (unit, integration, e2e) a piece of code needs
• Evaluating whether existing tests are providing value or creating drag
• Applying TDD to drive design decisions
• Debugging a flaky or brittle test suite
• Reviewing test code for quality and maintainability

Testing Pyramid

The testing pyramid describes the ideal distribution of tests across three levels. More tests at the base, fewer at the top.

        /  E2E  \           Few, slow, expensive
       /----------\
      / Integration \       Moderate number, moderate speed
     /----------------\
    /    Unit Tests     \   Many, fast, cheap
   /____________________\

Unit Tests (Base)

• Test a single unit of behavior in isolation (a function, a method, a small class)
• No I/O, no database, no network, no file system
• Execute in milliseconds
• Should form the majority of your test suite (roughly 70%)
• Fast feedback loop enables rapid iteration

Integration Tests (Middle)

• Test how multiple units collaborate, or how code interacts with external systems
• May involve a real database, message queue, or HTTP endpoint
• Execute in seconds
• Verify that wiring, configuration, and contracts between components work
• Roughly 20% of your test suite

End-to-End Tests (Top)

• Test complete user journeys through the full system
• Interact with the application as a user would
• Slowest, most brittle, most expensive to maintain
• Reserve for critical business paths only
• Roughly 10% of your test suite

The Ice Cream Cone Antipattern

The inverted pyramid: many e2e tests, few unit tests. Symptoms:

• Test suite takes hours to run
• Tests break constantly due to UI changes or timing issues
• Developers stop running tests locally
• Feedback loop is too slow to support continuous delivery

Fix: Identify what each e2e test is actually verifying. Push that verification down to the lowest possible level. Most business logic can be tested at the unit level.

Test Design Principles

Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA)

Every test should follow three distinct phases:

1. Arrange — set up the preconditions and inputs
2. Act — execute the behavior under test
3. Assert — verify the expected outcome

Keep each phase clearly separated. If Arrange dominates the test, extract a builder or factory. If Act requires multiple steps, you may be testing too much at once.

One Assertion per Concept

A test should verify one logical concept. This does not mean literally one assert call — asserting multiple properties of a single result is fine. What matters is that the test fails for exactly one reason.

// Good: one concept — "completed order has correct totals"
assert order.subtotal == 100
assert order.tax == 21
assert order.total == 121

// Bad: two unrelated concepts in one test
assert order.total == 121
assert emailService.wasCalled()

Test Naming

Test names should describe the behavior, not the implementation. A good test name answers: "What scenario is being tested, and what is the expected outcome?"

Patterns that work across languages:

• should_return_zero_when_cart_is_empty
• rejects_negative_quantities
• applies_discount_for_premium_customers

Avoid names like testCalculate, test1, or testGetterSetter.

Test Independence and Isolation

Each test must be completely independent of every other test:

• No shared mutable state between tests
• No required execution order
• Each test sets up its own preconditions and cleans up after itself
• A single failing test should not cascade into other failures

Deterministic Tests

A test must produce the same result every time it runs, regardless of:

• The current time or date
• The order of test execution
• The machine it runs on
• Network availability
• Other tests running in parallel

Non-deterministic tests (flaky tests) destroy trust in the test suite and are worse than no tests at all.

FIRST Principles

Test-Driven Development (TDD)

TDD is a design discipline where tests are written before production code, following a tight feedback loop.

Red-Green-Refactor Cycle

1. Red — Write a failing test that describes the desired behavior
2. Green — Write the simplest production code that makes the test pass
3. Refactor — Improve the code structure while keeping all tests green

Rules:

• Never write production code without a failing test
• Write only enough test to fail (compilation failure counts)
• Write only enough production code to pass the current failing test

Two Schools of TDD

See TDD Schools reference for detailed comparison and guidance.

When TDD Helps Most

• Business logic with clear rules and edge cases
• Algorithm design
• API contract definition
• Bug reproduction and fixing (write the failing test first)

When TDD May Not Apply

• Exploratory prototyping (write tests after you understand the shape)
• UI layout and styling
• One-off scripts

Test Doubles

Test doubles replace real dependencies during testing. Each type serves a different purpose.

See Test Doubles reference for detailed guidance on when to use each type.

Key Principle: Mock at Boundaries

Use test doubles at architectural boundaries (ports, external services), not between internal collaborators. Mocking internal classes couples your tests to implementation details and makes refactoring painful.

What to Test / What Not to Test

High Value — Always Test

• Business rules and domain logic
• Edge cases, boundary conditions, error paths
• State transitions and workflows
• Input validation and sanitization
• Security-critical paths (authentication, authorization)
• Data transformations and calculations

Low Value — Usually Skip

• Trivial getters/setters with no logic
• Framework-generated code (ORM mappings, routing config)
• Third-party library internals (test your integration, not their code)
• Private methods (test through the public API)
• Logging and telemetry (unless business-critical)

Testing Implementation vs Behavior

Test behavior, not implementation. A good test describes *what* the system does, not *how* it does it internally.

Signs you are testing implementation:

• Test breaks when you refactor without changing behavior
• Test asserts the order of internal method calls
• Test verifies private state rather than public output
• Renaming an internal class breaks tests for unrelated features

Signs you are testing behavior:

• Test describes a user-meaningful scenario
• Test remains green after internal refactoring
• Test asserts on outputs, side effects, or state changes visible through the public API

Testing Strategies by Layer

Different architectural layers call for different testing approaches. See Testing Strategies reference for detailed guidance.

Common Antipatterns

Quality Checklist

Use this checklist when writing or reviewing tests:

• Behavior-focused: tests describe *what* the system does, not *how*
• Independent: no test depends on another test's execution or state
• Deterministic: same result every time, on every machine
• Fast: unit tests in milliseconds, full suite in under 5 minutes
• Readable: a new team member can understand the test without reading the implementation
• Arranged clearly: AAA structure with obvious separation of phases
• Named descriptively: test name explains the scenario and expected outcome
• Error paths covered: not just happy path — edge cases and failures are tested
• Minimal setup: no unnecessary dependencies or fixtures; builders/factories where needed
• No flakiness: no time-dependent, order-dependent, or environment-dependent tests
• Appropriate level: tested at the lowest pyramid level that provides confidence
• Doubles at boundaries: mocks/stubs used at architectural ports, not internal classes