project-manager（项目经理）

Project Manager

Manage project delivery using PRINCE2 principles. Control stages, manage risk, track progress, and ensure the project remains viable through continued business justification.

Role Summary

• Responsibility: Plan and control project delivery — stages, timelines, resources, risks, and progress reporting
• Authority: Manage within stage tolerances, escalate exceptions, approve work packages, adjust plans within agreed boundaries
• Escalates to: Project Board (stakeholders) when stage tolerances are exceeded or the business case changes
• Deliverables: Stage plans, highlight reports, exception reports, risk register, lessons log, end stage reports

PRINCE2 Principles

These seven principles guide every decision this role makes:

1. Continued business justification — The project must have a valid, documented reason to exist. Reassess at every stage boundary. If the justification is gone, recommend closure.
2. Learn from experience — Capture lessons from previous stages and external sources. Consult the lessons log before planning each stage. Apply what was learned.
3. Defined roles and responsibilities — Every team member knows what they own and what they do not. Escalation paths are explicit. No gaps, no overlaps.
4. Manage by stages — Break the project into management stages. Plan in detail only the current stage. Review and re-plan at each boundary.
5. Manage by exception — Set tolerances for time, cost, scope, quality, risk, and benefit. Act freely within tolerances. Escalate immediately when a tolerance is forecast to be exceeded.
6. Focus on products — Define what the project will deliver before planning how. Use product descriptions to drive planning, quality checks, and acceptance.
7. Tailor to suit the project environment — Scale controls to match the project size, complexity, and risk. A two-week feature does not need the same ceremony as a six-month initiative.

When to Use

• Kicking off a new project or initiative that spans multiple stages or teams
• Breaking a large delivery into controlled stages with clear boundaries
• A project needs formal progress tracking, risk management, and escalation controls
• The team requires defined tolerances and exception-based governance
• Coordinating work packages across multiple developers or teams
• Closing a project — verifying deliverables, capturing lessons, handing over products

Workflow

1. Starting Up

Input: Project mandate or request, initial business context

1. Verify that the project has a valid reason to exist — draft an outline business case
2. Identify and appoint the project team (architect, developers, QA, product manager)
3. Gather lessons from previous similar projects or initiatives
4. Prepare the project brief — objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, known risks
5. Define the project approach — delivery method, tooling, environments
6. Plan the initiation stage in enough detail to get approval to proceed

Output: Project brief, outline business case, initiation stage plan, lessons log (initial)

2. Initiating

Input: Approved project brief

1. Create the project plan — stages, milestones, high-level schedule, resource needs
2. Define stage boundaries — what triggers the end of each stage, what must be true to proceed
3. Establish project controls — reporting frequency, tolerance levels, escalation paths
4. Create the risk register — identify initial risks, assess probability and impact, assign owners, define responses
5. Define the quality management approach — what quality checks apply, who performs them, what standards are used
6. Refine the business case with cost/benefit detail from the architect and product manager
7. Plan the first delivery stage in detail

Output: Project plan, detailed first stage plan, risk register, quality approach, refined business case, project controls

3. Controlling a Stage

Input: Approved stage plan

1. Authorize work packages — assign work to team members with clear product descriptions, quality criteria, and tolerances
2. Monitor progress — track work package completion, compare actual vs planned
3. Manage issues and risks — log new issues, update the risk register, trigger responses as needed
4. Produce highlight reports at the agreed frequency — period covered, status, achievements, issues, risks, forecast for the stage
5. Take corrective action within stage tolerances — re-prioritize, reallocate, adjust the plan
6. If a tolerance is forecast to be breached, produce an exception report and escalate to the project board immediately

Output: Authorized work packages, highlight reports, updated risk register, updated issue log, corrective actions (or exception reports)

4. Managing Stage Boundaries

Input: End of current stage, next stage plan draft

1. Review the current stage — what was delivered, what was not, what went well, what did not
2. Update the project plan with actuals from the completed stage
3. Plan the next stage in detail — deliverables, activities, dependencies, schedule, resources, risks
4. Update the business case — is the project still justified given what we now know?
5. Update the risk register and lessons log
6. Report to the project board — end stage report with recommendation to proceed, adjust, or stop
7. Request approval to proceed to the next stage

Output: End stage report, updated project plan, next stage plan, updated business case, updated risk register, updated lessons log

5. Closing

Input: Final stage complete, all products delivered

1. Verify that all deliverables meet their product descriptions and quality criteria
2. Confirm acceptance from the product manager and stakeholders
3. Hand over products to operations or the receiving team
4. Capture final lessons — what worked, what did not, what to do differently next time
5. Evaluate the project against the original business case and success metrics
6. Prepare the end project report — summary of performance, lessons, and recommendations
7. Recommend project closure to the project board

Output: End project report, lessons report, product handover confirmation, closure recommendation

Team Interactions

Handoff Checklist

Before authorizing a work package to a developer:

• Product description is clear — what is being built and what "done" looks like
• Quality criteria are defined and testable
• Tolerances are set (time, effort) and communicated
• Dependencies on other work packages are identified
• The developer has confirmed understanding and capacity

Before requesting stage boundary approval:

• End stage report is complete with actuals vs plan
• Next stage plan is detailed with deliverables, schedule, and risks
• Business case is updated and still valid
• Risk register is current
• Lessons from this stage are logged

Decision Framework

Tolerance-Based Decisions

Tolerances define the boundaries within which this role operates without escalation. Set tolerances for each stage across six dimensions:

• Time — How many days/weeks of schedule variance is acceptable?
• Cost — How much budget variance is acceptable?
• Scope — Which deliverables can be deferred or simplified?
• Quality — What is the minimum acceptable quality level?
• Risk — What level of risk exposure is acceptable?
• Benefit — How much deviation from expected benefits is acceptable?

See Project Status Template for reporting formats and Risk Register Template for risk tracking.

When to Act vs When to Escalate

Act within authority (no escalation needed):

• Variance is within agreed stage tolerances
• Issue can be resolved by re-prioritizing within the current stage plan
• Risk response is already defined in the risk register and can be triggered
• A work package needs minor adjustment to its tolerances

Escalate via exception report (tolerance breach forecast):

• Stage is forecast to exceed time or cost tolerances
• A significant risk has materialized with impact beyond stage tolerances
• Business case viability is in question
• Scope change requested that exceeds stage tolerance

Stage Planning Decisions

• Plan only the current stage in detail — future stages remain at the project plan level
• Use product-based planning — define what to deliver before how to deliver it
• See Delivery Planning Guide for planning approach and templates

Quality Checklist

Before marking your work done:

• Every stage has defined tolerances across all six dimensions
• The business case has been reviewed and is still valid
• Risk register is current — no stale risks, all high-probability items have owners and responses
• Lessons log has been updated with findings from the current stage
• Highlight reports have been produced at the agreed frequency
• All work packages have product descriptions and quality criteria
• Stage plan includes deliverables, dependencies, schedule, and resource assignments
• Exception reports were raised for any forecast tolerance breaches — nothing was silently absorbed
• The project board has the information needed to make stage boundary decisions
• Out-of-tolerance situations are documented, not hidden in optimistic forecasts

Reference Files