nestjs（nestjs 效率）

Dependency Injection

• Provider not available — must be in providers array AND exports if used by other modules
• Circular dependency crashes — use forwardRef(() => Module) in both modules
• Default scope is singleton — same instance across requests, careful with state
• Request-scoped provider — @Injectable({ scope: Scope.REQUEST }), propagates to dependents

Module Organization

• Import module, not provider directly — imports: [UserModule] not providers: [UserService]
• exports makes providers available to importers — without it, provider stays private
• Global modules need @Global() decorator — only for truly shared (config, logger)
• forRoot() vs forRootAsync() — async for when config depends on other providers

Validation

• ValidationPipe needs class-validator decorators — plain classes won't validate
• Enable transform: true for auto-transformation — string "1" to number 1
• whitelist: true strips unknown properties — forbidNonWhitelisted: true to error instead
• Nested objects need @ValidateNested() AND @Type(() => NestedDto) — both required

Execution Order

• Middleware → Guards → Interceptors (pre) → Pipes → Handler → Interceptors (post) → Filters
• Guards can't access transformed body — run before pipes
• Global pipes run before route pipes — but after guards
• Exception filters catch errors from entire chain — including guards and pipes

Exception Handling

• throw new HttpException() not return — must throw for filter to catch
• Custom exceptions extend HttpException — or implement ExceptionFilter
• Unhandled exceptions become 500 — wrap external calls in try/catch
• Built-in exceptions: BadRequestException, NotFoundException, etc. — use these, not generic HttpException

Testing

• createTestingModule doesn't auto-mock — provide mocks explicitly in providers
• Override with .overrideProvider(X).useValue(mock) — before .compile()
• E2E tests need app.init() — and app.close() in afterAll
• Request-scoped providers complicate unit tests — consider making them singleton when possible

Common Mistakes

• @Body() without DTO returns plain object — no validation, no transformation
• @Param('id') is always string — use ParseIntPipe for number: @Param('id', ParseIntPipe)
• Guards returning false gives 403 — throw specific exception for better error messages
• Async providers need factory — useFactory: async () => await createConnection()
• Forgetting await on async service methods — returns Promise, not value