ansible（Ansible 自动化）

YAML Syntax Traps

• Jinja2 in value needs quotes — "{{ variable }}" not {{ variable }}
• : in string needs quotes — msg: "Note: this works" not msg: Note: this
• Boolean strings: yes, no, true, false parsed as bool — quote if literal string
• Indentation must be consistent — 2 spaces standard, tabs forbidden

Variable Precedence

• Extra vars (-e) override everything — highest precedence
• Host vars beat group vars — more specific wins
• vars: in playbook beats inventory vars — order: inventory < playbook < extra vars
• Undefined variable fails — use {{ var | default('fallback') }}

Idempotence

• command/shell modules aren't idempotent — always "changed", use creates: or specific module
• Use apt, yum, copy etc. — designed for idempotence
• changed_when: false for commands that don't change state — like queries
• creates:/removes: for command idempotence — skips if file exists/doesn't

Handlers

• Handlers only run if task reports changed — not on "ok"
• Handlers run once at end of play — not immediately after notify
• Multiple notifies to same handler = one run — deduplicated
• --force-handlers to run even on failure — or meta: flush_handlers

Become (Privilege Escalation)

• become: yes to run as root — become_user: for specific user
• become_method: sudo is default — use su or doas if needed
• Password needed for sudo — --ask-become-pass or in ansible.cfg
• Some modules need become at task level — even if playbook has become: yes

Conditionals

• when: without Jinja2 braces — when: ansible_os_family == "Debian" not when: "{{ ... }}"
• Multiple conditions use and/or — or list for implicit and
• is defined, is not defined for optional vars — when: my_var is defined
• Boolean variables: when: my_bool — don't compare == true

Loops

• loop: is modern, with_items: is legacy — both work, loop preferred
• loop_control.loop_var for nested loops — avoids variable collision
• item is the loop variable — use loop_control.label for cleaner output
• until: for retry loops — until: result.rc == 0 retries: 5 delay: 10

Facts

• gather_facts: no speeds up play — but can't use ansible_* variables
• Facts cached with fact_caching — persists across runs
• Custom facts in /etc/ansible/facts.d/*.fact — JSON or INI, available as ansible_local

Common Mistakes

• register: captures output even on failure — check result.rc or result.failed
• ignore_errors: yes continues but doesn't change result — task still "failed" in register
• delegate_to: localhost for local commands — but local_action is cleaner
• Vault password for encrypted files — --ask-vault-pass or vault password file
• --check (dry run) not supported by all modules — command, shell always skip