identity-access-management（身份访问管理）

Identity & Access Management for Startups

Centralized identity management is not optional once your team exceeds a handful of people. This skill covers practical, production-ready configurations for SSO, SCIM provisioning, MFA enforcement, and access governance using the three most common identity providers for startups: Google Workspace, Okta, and Azure AD (Entra ID).

1. When to Use This Skill

Reach for this skill when:

• First SSO setup -- You are moving from individual app logins to centralized authentication.
• Compliance audit preparation -- SOC 2, ISO 27001, or HIPAA requires documented access controls, MFA enforcement, and audit logs.
• Team growth inflection -- You are crossing 15-20 employees and manual onboarding/offboarding is becoming error-prone.
• Vendor security questionnaires -- Customers are asking about your identity posture and you need to demonstrate controls.
• Incident response -- You need to revoke access quickly across all systems for a departing or compromised user.

Signs you are overdue:

• Shared passwords in a spreadsheet or chat channel.
• No central audit log of who accessed what and when.
• Offboarding takes more than one business day.
• Developers have standing admin access to production.

2. Google Workspace as Identity Provider

Google Workspace is the most common starting IdP for startups. Combined with the GAM CLI tool, it provides powerful automation.

Install GAM (Google Apps Manager)

# Install GAM on Linux/macOS
bash <(curl -s -S -L https://gam-shortn.appspot.com/gam-install)

# Authorize GAM with your Workspace domain
gam oauth create

# Verify connection
gam info domain

Create Organizational Units

Organizational units (OUs) control policy inheritance and app access.

# Create OUs for team structure
gam create org "Engineering"
gam create org "Engineering/Backend"
gam create org "Engineering/Frontend"
gam create org "Operations"
gam create org "Operations/IT"
gam create org "Finance"
gam create org "Contractors"

# Move a user into an OU
gam update user alice@company.com org "Engineering/Backend"

# List all OUs
gam print orgs

Configure a SAML App in Google Workspace

# Export the Google IdP metadata (download from Admin Console or use GAM)
# Admin Console: Apps > Web and mobile apps > Add app > Search for app > Download IdP metadata

# For a custom SAML app, you need:
# 1. ACS URL (from the service provider)
# 2. Entity ID (from the service provider)
# 3. Name ID format (usually EMAIL)

# Example: Add a custom SAML app via Admin Console API
gam create samlapp "Internal Dashboard" \
  acs_url "https://dashboard.company.com/saml/acs" \
  entity_id "https://dashboard.company.com" \
  name_id_format "EMAIL" \
  name_id "user.primaryEmail"

# Assign the app to an OU
gam update samlapp "Internal Dashboard" org "Engineering" enabled on

# Verify SAML app status
gam print samlappinfo "Internal Dashboard"

SCIM Provisioning with Google Workspace

# Enable auto-provisioning for supported apps
# Google Workspace supports automatic user provisioning for apps like:
# Slack, Zoom, Box, Dropbox, Asana, GitHub Enterprise

# List provisioned apps
gam print tokens

# Force sync provisioning for an app
gam sync samlapp "Slack" users

# Bulk create users from CSV
# users.csv format: firstname,lastname,email,org,password
gam csv users.csv gam create user ~email \
  firstname ~firstname lastname ~lastname \
  password ~password org ~org \
  changepassword on

Enforce MFA at the Workspace Level

# Enforce 2-step verification for the entire domain
gam update org "/" 2sv enforced

# Enforce 2SV for a specific OU
gam update org "Engineering" 2sv enforced

# Set enforcement date (give users time to enroll)
gam update org "/" 2sv enforced enforceddate 2026-04-15

# Check 2SV enrollment status for all users
gam print users fields isEnforcedIn2Sv,isEnrolledIn2Sv

# Find users who have NOT enrolled in 2SV
gam print users query "isEnrolledIn2Sv=false" fields primaryEmail,name

3. Okta Setup

Okta offers a free tier for startups (Okta for Startups program -- up to 100 users) making it an excellent choice for teams that need a dedicated IdP.

Initial Okta Configuration via API

# Set your Okta domain and API token
export OKTA_ORG_URL="https://company.okta.com"
export OKTA_API_TOKEN="your-api-token"

# Verify connectivity
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/org" | jq '.companyName'

# Create a user
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users?activate=true" \
  -d '{
    "profile": {
      "firstName": "Alice",
      "lastName": "Engineer",
      "email": "alice@company.com",
      "login": "alice@company.com"
    },
    "credentials": {
      "password": { "value": "TempP@ss123!" }
    }
  }' | jq '.id'

Create Groups for RBAC

# Create groups
for group in "Engineering" "Operations" "Finance" "Contractors" "AdminAccess"; do
  curl -s -X POST \
    -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups" \
    -d "{\"profile\": {\"name\": \"${group}\", \"description\": \"${group} team group\"}}" \
    | jq '{id: .id, name: .profile.name}'
done

# Add user to group
USER_ID="00u1abc123"
GROUP_ID="00g1def456"
curl -s -X PUT \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups/${GROUP_ID}/users/${USER_ID}"

Add a SAML Application in Okta

# Create a SAML 2.0 application
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/apps" \
  -d '{
    "name": "custom_saml_app",
    "label": "Internal Dashboard",
    "signOnMode": "SAML_2_0",
    "settings": {
      "signOn": {
        "defaultRelayState": "",
        "ssoAcsUrl": "https://dashboard.company.com/saml/acs",
        "audience": "https://dashboard.company.com",
        "recipient": "https://dashboard.company.com/saml/acs",
        "destination": "https://dashboard.company.com/saml/acs",
        "subjectNameIdFormat": "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress",
        "attributeStatements": [
          {
            "type": "EXPRESSION",
            "name": "email",
            "namespace": "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic",
            "values": ["user.email"]
          },
          {
            "type": "EXPRESSION",
            "name": "groups",
            "namespace": "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic",
            "values": ["getFilteredGroups({\"00g1def456\"}, \"group.name\", 50)"]
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }' | jq '{id: .id, label: .label, status: .status}'

# Assign group to application
APP_ID="0oa1xyz789"
curl -s -X PUT \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/apps/${APP_ID}/groups/${GROUP_ID}"

Okta MFA Policy

# Create an MFA enrollment policy requiring WebAuthn + TOTP
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/policies" \
  -d '{
    "type": "MFA_ENROLL",
    "name": "Require Strong MFA",
    "status": "ACTIVE",
    "settings": {
      "factors": {
        "webauthn": { "enroll": { "self": "REQUIRED" } },
        "google_otp": { "enroll": { "self": "OPTIONAL" } },
        "okta_email": { "enroll": { "self": "NOT_ALLOWED" } },
        "okta_sms": { "enroll": { "self": "NOT_ALLOWED" } }
      }
    }
  }' | jq '{id: .id, name: .name, status: .status}'

4. Azure AD / Entra ID

Azure AD (now Microsoft Entra ID) is common at startups using Microsoft 365 or Azure cloud.

Azure CLI Setup

# Install Azure CLI and sign in
az login

# Set the default tenant
az account set --subscription "your-subscription-id"

# Verify tenant
az ad signed-in-user show --query '{name:displayName, email:userPrincipalName}'

Create Users and Groups

# Create a user
az ad user create \
  --display-name "Alice Engineer" \
  --user-principal-name "alice@company.onmicrosoft.com" \
  --password "TempP@ss123!" \
  --force-change-password-next-sign-in true

# Create security groups
for group in "SG-Engineering" "SG-Operations" "SG-Finance" "SG-Admins"; do
  az ad group create --display-name "$group" --mail-nickname "$group"
done

# Add user to group
USER_OID=$(az ad user show --id "alice@company.onmicrosoft.com" --query id -o tsv)
GROUP_OID=$(az ad group show --group "SG-Engineering" --query id -o tsv)
az ad group member add --group "$GROUP_OID" --member-id "$USER_OID"

# List group members
az ad group member list --group "SG-Engineering" --query '[].{name:displayName, email:userPrincipalName}' -o table

Conditional Access Policies via Graph API

# Require MFA for all users accessing cloud apps
# Uses Microsoft Graph API
ACCESS_TOKEN=$(az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com --query accessToken -o tsv)

curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${ACCESS_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/identity/conditionalAccess/policies" \
  -d '{
    "displayName": "Require MFA for all users",
    "state": "enabledForReportingButNotEnforced",
    "conditions": {
      "users": {
        "includeUsers": ["All"],
        "excludeGroups": ["'${BREAKGLASS_GROUP_OID}'"]
      },
      "applications": {
        "includeApplications": ["All"]
      }
    },
    "grantControls": {
      "operator": "OR",
      "builtInControls": ["mfa"]
    }
  }'

# Block legacy authentication (critical for security)
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${ACCESS_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/identity/conditionalAccess/policies" \
  -d '{
    "displayName": "Block legacy authentication",
    "state": "enabled",
    "conditions": {
      "users": { "includeUsers": ["All"] },
      "applications": { "includeApplications": ["All"] },
      "clientAppTypes": ["exchangeActiveSync", "other"]
    },
    "grantControls": {
      "operator": "OR",
      "builtInControls": ["block"]
    }
  }'

5. SSO Integration Patterns

SAML vs OIDC Decision Guide

Rule of thumb: If the SaaS vendor supports OIDC, prefer it. If they only support SAML, use SAML. Never use LDAP-over-internet.

Integrating Common SaaS Apps

Slack Enterprise SSO

# Okta OIDC integration for Slack
# 1. In Okta: Applications > Browse App Catalog > Slack
# 2. Configure with your Slack workspace URL
# 3. Enable SCIM provisioning

# Verify Slack SCIM connection
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SLACK_SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  "https://api.slack.com/scim/v2/Users?count=5" | jq '.Resources[].userName'

GitHub Organization SSO

# Configure SAML for GitHub Org (requires GitHub Enterprise Cloud)
# 1. GitHub Org Settings > Authentication security > Enable SAML
# 2. Provide IdP SSO URL, IdP issuer, public certificate from your IdP

# Use GitHub CLI to verify SSO status
gh api orgs/company/credential-authorizations --paginate \
  | jq '.[] | {login: .login, credential_type: .credential_type, authorized_at: .authorized_credential_note}'

# Require SAML SSO for all org members
gh api -X PATCH orgs/company \
  -f saml_enforced=true

AWS SSO (IAM Identity Center)

# Configure AWS IAM Identity Center with external IdP
aws sso-admin list-instances --query 'Instances[0].InstanceArn' --output text

INSTANCE_ARN="arn:aws:sso:::instance/ssoins-1234567890"
IDENTITY_STORE_ID="d-1234567890"

# Create a permission set
aws sso-admin create-permission-set \
  --instance-arn "$INSTANCE_ARN" \
  --name "DeveloperAccess" \
  --description "Read-only + deploy access for engineers" \
  --session-duration "PT8H"

# Attach AWS managed policy to permission set
PERMISSION_SET_ARN="arn:aws:sso:::permissionSet/ssoins-1234567890/ps-abc123"
aws sso-admin attach-managed-policy-to-permission-set \
  --instance-arn "$INSTANCE_ARN" \
  --permission-set-arn "$PERMISSION_SET_ARN" \
  --managed-policy-arn "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/ReadOnlyAccess"

# Assign group to AWS account with permission set
aws sso-admin create-account-assignment \
  --instance-arn "$INSTANCE_ARN" \
  --target-id "123456789012" \
  --target-type AWS_ACCOUNT \
  --permission-set-arn "$PERMISSION_SET_ARN" \
  --principal-type GROUP \
  --principal-id "a1b2c3d4-5678-90ab-cdef-GROUP001"

6. SCIM Provisioning

SCIM (System for Cross-domain Identity Management) automates user lifecycle across SaaS apps.

SCIM API Examples

# Standard SCIM 2.0 endpoints (most IdPs and SaaS apps follow this)
SCIM_BASE="https://app.example.com/scim/v2"
SCIM_TOKEN="your-scim-bearer-token"

# List users
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Users?count=10&startIndex=1" | jq '.Resources[] | {id, userName, active}'

# Create a user via SCIM
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/scim+json" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Users" \
  -d '{
    "schemas": ["urn:ietf:params:scim:schemas:core:2.0:User"],
    "userName": "alice@company.com",
    "name": { "givenName": "Alice", "familyName": "Engineer" },
    "emails": [{ "primary": true, "value": "alice@company.com", "type": "work" }],
    "active": true,
    "groups": []
  }' | jq '{id, userName, active}'

# Deactivate a user via SCIM (PATCH is the standard for partial updates)
USER_SCIM_ID="abc-123-def"
curl -s -X PATCH \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/scim+json" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Users/${USER_SCIM_ID}" \
  -d '{
    "schemas": ["urn:ietf:params:scim:api:messages:2.0:PatchOp"],
    "Operations": [{ "op": "replace", "value": { "active": false } }]
  }' | jq '{id, userName, active}'

# Delete a user permanently via SCIM
curl -s -X DELETE \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Users/${USER_SCIM_ID}"

SCIM Group Management

# Create a group via SCIM
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/scim+json" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Groups" \
  -d '{
    "schemas": ["urn:ietf:params:scim:schemas:core:2.0:Group"],
    "displayName": "Engineering",
    "members": [
      { "value": "user-id-001", "display": "alice@company.com" },
      { "value": "user-id-002", "display": "bob@company.com" }
    ]
  }' | jq '{id, displayName}'

# Add a member to an existing group
GROUP_SCIM_ID="grp-456"
curl -s -X PATCH \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/scim+json" \
  "${SCIM_BASE}/Groups/${GROUP_SCIM_ID}" \
  -d '{
    "schemas": ["urn:ietf:params:scim:api:messages:2.0:PatchOp"],
    "Operations": [{
      "op": "add",
      "path": "members",
      "value": [{ "value": "user-id-003" }]
    }]
  }'

7. MFA Enforcement

WebAuthn / Passkeys (Strongest)

WebAuthn (FIDO2) hardware keys and passkeys are phishing-resistant and should be the primary MFA factor.

# Okta: Enforce WebAuthn as primary factor
curl -s -X PUT \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/org/factors/webauthn" \
  -d '{ "status": "ACTIVE" }'

# Google Workspace: Enforce security keys only (disable SMS/voice)
gam update org "/" 2sv enforced allowedmethods security_key

# Azure AD: Require phishing-resistant MFA via conditional access
# (use the Graph API conditional access endpoint with authenticationStrengths)
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${ACCESS_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/identity/conditionalAccess/policies" \
  -d '{
    "displayName": "Require phishing-resistant MFA for admins",
    "state": "enabled",
    "conditions": {
      "users": { "includeRoles": ["62e90394-69f5-4237-9190-012177145e10"] },
      "applications": { "includeApplications": ["All"] }
    },
    "grantControls": {
      "operator": "OR",
      "authenticationStrength": {
        "id": "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000004"
      }
    }
  }'

TOTP Backup Configuration

# Generate backup codes for users (Okta)
USER_ID="00u1abc123"
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/factors" \
  -d '{
    "factorType": "token:software:totp",
    "provider": "GOOGLE"
  }' | jq '{id: .id, status: .status}'

MFA Bypass Procedure (Emergency)

# Okta: Reset MFA for a locked-out user
USER_ID="00u1abc123"
# List enrolled factors
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/factors" | jq '.[].factorType'

# Delete a specific factor to allow re-enrollment
FACTOR_ID="fct1abc123"
curl -s -X DELETE \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/factors/${FACTOR_ID}"

# Google Workspace: Generate backup verification codes
gam user alice@company.com update backupcodes

# Azure AD: Require re-registration of MFA methods
az rest --method DELETE \
  --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users/${USER_OID}/authentication/phoneMethods/3179e48a-750b-4051-897c-87b9720928f7"

8. Role-Based Access Control

Group-Based Access Patterns

Map every application permission to a group, never to an individual user.

# Naming convention: APP-ROLE
# Examples:
#   aws-developer       -> AWS ReadOnly + deploy
#   aws-admin           -> AWS AdministratorAccess
#   github-engineer     -> GitHub write access
#   github-admin        -> GitHub admin access
#   slack-member        -> Slack standard member
#   pagerduty-oncall    -> PagerDuty responder role

# Okta: Create group rules for automatic assignment based on department
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups/rules" \
  -d '{
    "type": "group_rule",
    "name": "Auto-assign engineers to GitHub",
    "conditions": {
      "expression": {
        "value": "user.department == \"Engineering\"",
        "type": "urn:okta:expression:1.0"
      }
    },
    "actions": {
      "assignUserToGroups": { "groupIds": ["GITHUB_ENGINEERS_GROUP_ID"] }
    }
  }'

Just-in-Time (JIT) Access

# AWS: Grant temporary elevated access using STS assume-role
# The user assumes a role that expires after a set duration
aws sts assume-role \
  --role-arn "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/EmergencyAdmin" \
  --role-session-name "alice-incident-2026-03-24" \
  --duration-seconds 3600 \
  | jq '{AccessKeyId: .Credentials.AccessKeyId, Expiration: .Credentials.Expiration}'

# Okta: Create a time-limited group membership (via API scheduled task)
# Add user to admin group
curl -s -X PUT \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups/${ADMIN_GROUP_ID}/users/${USER_ID}"

# Schedule removal after 4 hours (use a cron job or automation tool)
echo "0 */4 * * * curl -s -X DELETE -H 'Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}' \
  '${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups/${ADMIN_GROUP_ID}/users/${USER_ID}'" | crontab -

Break-Glass Accounts

# Create break-glass accounts that bypass SSO/MFA for emergency access
# These accounts must be:
# 1. Excluded from conditional access / MFA policies
# 2. Protected with extremely long passwords stored in a physical safe
# 3. Monitored with alerts on any usage

# Azure AD: Create break-glass account
az ad user create \
  --display-name "Break Glass 1" \
  --user-principal-name "breakglass1@company.onmicrosoft.com" \
  --password "$(openssl rand -base64 48)" \
  --force-change-password-next-sign-in false

# Assign Global Administrator role
az ad group member add --group "SG-BreakGlass" --member-id "$BREAKGLASS_OID"

# Set up alert on break-glass sign-in (Azure Monitor)
az monitor activity-log alert create \
  --name "BreakGlass-SignIn-Alert" \
  --resource-group "security-rg" \
  --condition category=Administrative and caller=breakglass1@company.onmicrosoft.com \
  --action-group "/subscriptions/SUB_ID/resourceGroups/security-rg/providers/microsoft.insights/actionGroups/SecurityTeam"

9. Audit & Compliance

Login Audit Logs

# Google Workspace: Pull login audit logs
gam report login user all start "2026-03-01" end "2026-03-24" \
  fields "actorEmail,ipAddress,loginType,isSecondFactor,isSuspicious"

# Okta: Query system log for authentication events
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/logs?filter=eventType+eq+\"user.session.start\"&since=2026-03-01T00:00:00Z&limit=100" \
  | jq '.[] | {actor: .actor.displayName, time: .published, outcome: .outcome.result, ip: .client.ipAddress}'

# Azure AD: Pull sign-in logs via Graph API
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer ${ACCESS_TOKEN}" \
  "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/auditLogs/signIns?\$filter=createdDateTime ge 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z&\$top=50" \
  | jq '.value[] | {user: .userDisplayName, app: .appDisplayName, status: .status.errorCode, ip: .ipAddress, mfa: .mfaDetail}'

Access Reviews

# List all users and their group memberships for quarterly access review
# Google Workspace
gam print group-members fields email,role > /tmp/access-review-groups.csv

# Okta: Export all users with their app assignments
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users?limit=200" \
  | jq -r '.[] | [.profile.email, .status, .lastLogin] | @csv' > /tmp/okta-users.csv

# For each user, list their app assignments
while IFS= read -r user_id; do
  curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
    "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${user_id}/appLinks" \
    | jq -r '.[] | [.label, .linkUrl] | @csv'
done < /tmp/okta-user-ids.txt > /tmp/okta-access-review.csv

# Azure AD: List role assignments
az role assignment list --all --query '[].{principal:principalName, role:roleDefinitionName, scope:scope}' -o table

Compliance Reporting

# Count of users with/without MFA enrolled
# Google Workspace
echo "=== MFA Enrollment Report ==="
echo "Enrolled:"
gam print users fields isEnrolledIn2Sv | grep -c True
echo "Not enrolled:"
gam print users fields isEnrolledIn2Sv | grep -c False

# Okta: Users without any MFA factor
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users?filter=status+eq+\"ACTIVE\"&limit=200" \
  | jq '[.[] | select(.credentials.provider.type != "SOCIAL") | .id] | length'

# Check for stale accounts (no login in 90 days)
NINETY_DAYS_AGO=$(date -d "-90 days" +%Y-%m-%dT00:00:00Z 2>/dev/null || date -v-90d +%Y-%m-%dT00:00:00Z)
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users?filter=lastLogin+lt+\"${NINETY_DAYS_AGO}\"&limit=200" \
  | jq '.[] | {email: .profile.email, lastLogin: .lastLogin}'

10. Offboarding

Account Deactivation Checklist

Run this sequence when an employee departs. Order matters -- revoke sessions first, then deactivate.

DEPARTING_USER="alice@company.com"

# Step 1: Revoke all active sessions immediately
# Okta
USER_ID=$(curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${DEPARTING_USER}" | jq -r '.id')

curl -s -X DELETE \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/sessions"

# Google Workspace: Revoke tokens and sign out
gam user "${DEPARTING_USER}" signout
gam user "${DEPARTING_USER}" deprovision

# Azure AD: Revoke all refresh tokens
az ad user update --id "${DEPARTING_USER}" --account-enabled false
az rest --method POST \
  --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users/${DEPARTING_USER}/revokeSignInSessions"

# Step 2: Deactivate the user account
# Okta
curl -s -X POST \
  -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/lifecycle/deactivate"

# Google Workspace
gam update user "${DEPARTING_USER}" suspended on

# Step 3: Transfer data ownership
# Google Workspace: Transfer Drive files
gam user "${DEPARTING_USER}" transfer drive manager@company.com

# Google Workspace: Transfer Calendar ownership
gam user "${DEPARTING_USER}" transfer calendar manager@company.com

# Step 4: Remove from all groups (prevents future provisioning)
# Okta
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${USER_ID}/groups" \
  | jq -r '.[].id' | while read gid; do
    curl -s -X DELETE \
      -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
      "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/groups/${gid}/users/${USER_ID}"
  done

# Step 5: Revoke app-specific tokens
# GitHub: Remove from org
gh api -X DELETE "orgs/company/members/${DEPARTING_USER}"

# Slack: Deactivate via SCIM
SLACK_USER_ID=$(curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SLACK_SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  "https://api.slack.com/scim/v2/Users?filter=userName+eq+\"${DEPARTING_USER}\"" \
  | jq -r '.Resources[0].id')

curl -s -X PATCH \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${SLACK_SCIM_TOKEN}" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/scim+json" \
  "https://api.slack.com/scim/v2/Users/${SLACK_USER_ID}" \
  -d '{"schemas":["urn:ietf:params:scim:api:messages:2.0:PatchOp"],"Operations":[{"op":"replace","value":{"active":false}}]}'

# AWS: Remove SSO access
aws sso-admin delete-account-assignment \
  --instance-arn "$INSTANCE_ARN" \
  --target-id "123456789012" \
  --target-type AWS_ACCOUNT \
  --permission-set-arn "$PERMISSION_SET_ARN" \
  --principal-type USER \
  --principal-id "$AWS_SSO_USER_ID"

# Step 6: Document and log
echo "$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ) | OFFBOARD | ${DEPARTING_USER} | all sessions revoked, account suspended, data transferred to manager@company.com" >> /var/log/offboarding-audit.log

Post-Offboarding Verification

DEPARTING_USER="alice@company.com"

# Verify account is suspended/deactivated
echo "=== Offboarding Verification ==="

# Google Workspace
gam info user "${DEPARTING_USER}" fields suspended | grep -i "suspended: true" && echo "[OK] Google suspended" || echo "[FAIL] Google still active"

# Okta
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/users/${DEPARTING_USER}" \
  | jq -r '.status' | grep -q "DEPROVISIONED" && echo "[OK] Okta deprovisioned" || echo "[FAIL] Okta still active"

# GitHub
gh api "orgs/company/members/${DEPARTING_USER}" 2>&1 | grep -q "404" && echo "[OK] GitHub removed" || echo "[FAIL] GitHub still member"

# Check for any remaining active sessions in audit logs
echo "=== Checking for post-offboard activity ==="
curl -s -H "Authorization: SSWS ${OKTA_API_TOKEN}" \
  "${OKTA_ORG_URL}/api/v1/logs?filter=actor.alternateId+eq+\"${DEPARTING_USER}\"&since=$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)&limit=10" \
  | jq '.[] | {time: .published, event: .eventType, outcome: .outcome.result}'

Quick Reference