Gradio
Gradio is a Python library for building interactive web UIs and ML demos. This skill covers the core API, patterns, and examples.
Guides
Detailed guides on specific topics (read these when relevant):
- Quickstart
- The Interface Class
- Blocks and Event Listeners
- Controlling Layout
- More Blocks Features
- Custom CSS and JS
- Streaming Outputs
- Streaming Inputs
- Sharing Your App
- Custom HTML Components
- Getting Started with the Python Client
- Getting Started with the JS Client
Core Patterns
Interface (high-level): wraps a function with input/output components.
import gradio as gr
def greet(name):
return f"Hello {name}!"
gr.Interface(fn=greet, inputs="text", outputs="text").launch()Blocks (low-level): flexible layout with explicit event wiring.
import gradio as gr
with gr.Blocks() as demo:
name = gr.Textbox(label="Name")
output = gr.Textbox(label="Greeting")
btn = gr.Button("Greet")
btn.click(fn=lambda n: f"Hello {n}!", inputs=name, outputs=output)
demo.launch()ChatInterface: high-level wrapper for chatbot UIs.
import gradio as gr
def respond(message, history):
return f"You said: {message}"
gr.ChatInterface(fn=respond).launch()Key Component Signatures
Textbox(value: str | I18nData | Callable | None = None, type: Literal['text', 'password', 'email'] = "text", lines: int = 1, max_lines: int | None = None, placeholder: str | I18nData | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, autofocus: bool = False, autoscroll: bool = True, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", text_align: Literal['left', 'right'] | None = None, rtl: bool = False, buttons: list[Literal['copy'] | Button] | None = None, max_length: int | None = None, submit_btn: str | bool | None = False, stop_btn: str | bool | None = False, html_attributes: InputHTMLAttributes | None = None)
Creates a textarea for user to enter string input or display string output..
Number(value: float | Callable | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, placeholder: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", buttons: list[Button] | None = None, precision: int | None = None, minimum: float | None = None, maximum: float | None = None, step: float = 1)
Creates a numeric field for user to enter numbers as input or display numeric output..
Slider(minimum: float = 0, maximum: float = 100, value: float | Callable | None = None, step: float | None = None, precision: int | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", randomize: bool = False, buttons: list[Literal['reset']] | None = None)
Creates a slider that ranges from {minimum} to {maximum} with a step size of {step}..
Checkbox(value: bool | Callable = False, label: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", buttons: list[Button] | None = None)
Creates a checkbox that can be set to True or False.
Dropdown(choices: Sequence[str | int | float | tuple[str, str | int | float]] | None = None, value: str | int | float | Sequence[str | int | float] | Callable | DefaultValue | None = DefaultValue(), type: Literal['value', 'index'] = "value", multiselect: bool | None = None, allow_custom_value: bool = False, max_choices: int | None = None, filterable: bool = True, label: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", buttons: list[Button] | None = None)
Creates a dropdown of choices from which a single entry or multiple entries can be selected (as an input component) or displayed (as an output component)..
Radio(choices: Sequence[str | int | float | tuple[str, str | int | float]] | None = None, value: str | int | float | Callable | None = None, type: Literal['value', 'index'] = "value", label: str | I18nData | None = None, info: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", rtl: bool = False, buttons: list[Button] | None = None)
Creates a set of (string or numeric type) radio buttons of which only one can be selected..
Image(value: str | PIL.Image.Image | np.ndarray | Callable | None = None, format: str = "webp", height: int | str | None = None, width: int | str | None = None, image_mode: Literal['1', 'L', 'P', 'RGB', 'RGBA', 'CMYK', 'YCbCr', 'LAB', 'HSV', 'I', 'F'] | None = "RGB", sources: list[Literal['upload', 'webcam', 'clipboard']] | Literal['upload', 'webcam', 'clipboard'] | None = None, type: Literal['numpy', 'pil', 'filepath'] = "numpy", label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, buttons: list[Literal['download', 'share', 'fullscreen'] | Button] | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, streaming: bool = False, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", webcam_options: WebcamOptions | None = None, placeholder: str | None = None, watermark: WatermarkOptions | None = None)
Creates an image component that can be used to upload images (as an input) or display images (as an output)..
Audio(value: str | Path | tuple[int, np.ndarray] | Callable | None = None, sources: list[Literal['upload', 'microphone']] | Literal['upload', 'microphone'] | None = None, type: Literal['numpy', 'filepath'] = "numpy", label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, streaming: bool = False, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", format: Literal['wav', 'mp3'] | None = None, autoplay: bool = False, editable: bool = True, buttons: list[Literal['download', 'share'] | Button] | None = None, waveform_options: WaveformOptions | dict | None = None, loop: bool = False, recording: bool = False, subtitles: str | Path | list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None, playback_position: float = 0)
Creates an audio component that can be used to upload/record audio (as an input) or display audio (as an output)..
Video(value: str | Path | Callable | None = None, format: str | None = None, sources: list[Literal['upload', 'webcam']] | Literal['upload', 'webcam'] | None = None, height: int | str | None = None, width: int | str | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", webcam_options: WebcamOptions | None = None, include_audio: bool | None = None, autoplay: bool = False, buttons: list[Literal['download', 'share'] | Button] | None = None, loop: bool = False, streaming: bool = False, watermark: WatermarkOptions | None = None, subtitles: str | Path | list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None, playback_position: float = 0)
Creates a video component that can be used to upload/record videos (as an input) or display videos (as an output).
File(value: str | list[str] | Callable | None = None, file_count: Literal['single', 'multiple', 'directory'] = "single", file_types: list[str] | None = None, type: Literal['filepath', 'binary'] = "filepath", label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, height: int | str | float | None = None, interactive: bool | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", allow_reordering: bool = False, buttons: list[Button] | None = None)
Creates a file component that allows uploading one or more generic files (when used as an input) or displaying generic files or URLs for download (as output).
Chatbot(value: list[MessageDict | Message] | Callable | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, container: bool = True, scale: int | None = None, min_width: int = 160, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, autoscroll: bool = True, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", height: int | str | None = 400, resizable: bool = False, max_height: int | str | None = None, min_height: int | str | None = None, editable: Literal['user', 'all'] | None = None, latex_delimiters: list[dict[str, str | bool]] | None = None, rtl: bool = False, buttons: list[Literal['share', 'copy', 'copy_all'] | Button] | None = None, watermark: str | None = None, avatar_images: tuple[str | Path | None, str | Path | None] | None = None, sanitize_html: bool = True, render_markdown: bool = True, feedback_options: list[str] | tuple[str,...] | None = ('Like', 'Dislike'), feedback_value: Sequence[str | None] | None = None, line_breaks: bool = True, layout: Literal['panel', 'bubble'] | None = None, placeholder: str | None = None, examples: list[ExampleMessage] | None = None, allow_file_downloads: <class 'inspect._empty'> = True, group_consecutive_messages: bool = True, allow_tags: list[str] | bool = True, reasoning_tags: list[tuple[str, str]] | None = None, like_user_message: bool = False)
Creates a chatbot that displays user-submitted messages and responses.
Button(value: str | I18nData | Callable = "Run", every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, variant: Literal['primary', 'secondary', 'stop', 'huggingface'] = "secondary", size: Literal['sm', 'md', 'lg'] = "lg", icon: str | Path | None = None, link: str | None = None, link_target: Literal['_self', '_blank', '_parent', '_top'] = "_self", visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, interactive: bool = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", scale: int | None = None, min_width: int | None = None)
Creates a button that can be assigned arbitrary.click() events.
Markdown(value: str | I18nData | Callable | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool | None = None, rtl: bool = False, latex_delimiters: list[dict[str, str | bool]] | None = None, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", sanitize_html: bool = True, line_breaks: bool = False, header_links: bool = False, height: int | str | None = None, max_height: int | str | None = None, min_height: int | str | None = None, buttons: list[Literal['copy']] | None = None, container: bool = False, padding: bool = False)
Used to render arbitrary Markdown output.
HTML(value: Any | Callable | None = None, label: str | I18nData | None = None, html_template: str = "${value}", css_template: str = "", js_on_load: str | None = "element.addEventListener('click', function() {trigger('click')});", apply_default_css: bool = True, every: Timer | float | None = None, inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None, show_label: bool = False, visible: bool | Literal['hidden'] = True, elem_id: str | None = None, elem_classes: list[str] | str | None = None, render: bool = True, key: int | str | tuple[int | str,...] | None = None, preserved_by_key: list[str] | str | None = "value", min_height: int | None = None, max_height: int | None = None, container: bool = False, padding: bool = False, autoscroll: bool = False, buttons: list[Button] | None = None, props: Any)
Creates a component with arbitrary HTML.
Custom HTML Components
If a task requires significant customization of an existing component or a component that doesn't exist in Gradio, you can create one with gr.HTML. It supports html_template (with ${} JS expressions and {{}} Handlebars syntax), css_template for scoped styles, and js_on_load for interactivity — where props.value updates the component value and trigger('event_name') fires Gradio events. For reuse, subclass gr.HTML and define api_info() for API/MCP support. See the full guide.
Here's an example that shows how to create and use these kinds of components:
import gradio as gr
class StarRating(gr.HTML):
def __init__(self, label, value=0, **kwargs):
html_template = """
<h2>${label} rating:</h2>
${Array.from({length: 5}, (_, i) => `<img class='${i < value ? '' : 'faded'}' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Award-star-gold-3d.svg'>`).join('')}
"""
css_template = """
img { height: 50px; display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; }
.faded { filter: grayscale(100%); opacity: 0.3; }
"""
js_on_load = """
const imgs = element.querySelectorAll('img');
imgs.forEach((img, index) => {
img.addEventListener('click', () => {
props.value = index + 1;
});
});
"""
super().__init__(value=value, label=label, html_template=html_template, css_template=css_template, js_on_load=js_on_load, **kwargs)
def api_info(self):
return {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 5}
with gr.Blocks() as demo:
gr.Markdown("# Restaurant Review")
food_rating = StarRating(label="Food", value=3)
service_rating = StarRating(label="Service", value=3)
ambience_rating = StarRating(label="Ambience", value=3)
average_btn = gr.Button("Calculate Average Rating")
rating_output = StarRating(label="Average", value=3)
def calculate_average(food, service, ambience):
return round((food + service + ambience) / 3)
average_btn.click(
fn=calculate_average,
inputs=[food_rating, service_rating, ambience_rating],
outputs=rating_output
)
demo.launch()Event Listeners
All event listeners share the same signature:
component.event_name(
fn: Callable | None | Literal["decorator"] = "decorator",
inputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None,
outputs: Component | Sequence[Component] | set[Component] | None = None,
api_name: str | None = None,
api_description: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
scroll_to_output: bool = False,
show_progress: Literal["full", "minimal", "hidden"] = "full",
show_progress_on: Component | Sequence[Component] | None = None,
queue: bool = True,
batch: bool = False,
max_batch_size: int = 4,
preprocess: bool = True,
postprocess: bool = True,
cancels: dict[str, Any] | list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
trigger_mode: Literal["once", "multiple", "always_last"] | None = None,
js: str | Literal[True] | None = None,
concurrency_limit: int | None | Literal["default"] = "default",
concurrency_id: str | None = None,
api_visibility: Literal["public", "private", "undocumented"] = "public",
time_limit: int | None = None,
stream_every: float = 0.5,
key: int | str | tuple[int | str, ...] | None = None,
validator: Callable | None = None,
) -> DependencySupported events per component:
- AnnotatedImage: select
- Audio: stream, change, clear, play, pause, stop, pause, start_recording, pause_recording, stop_recording, upload, input
- BarPlot: select, double_click
- BrowserState: change
- Button: click
- Chatbot: change, select, like, retry, undo, example_select, option_select, clear, copy, edit
- Checkbox: change, input, select
- CheckboxGroup: change, input, select
- ClearButton: click
- Code: change, input, focus, blur
- ColorPicker: change, input, submit, focus, blur
- Dataframe: change, input, select, edit
- Dataset: click, select
- DateTime: change, submit
- DeepLinkButton: click
- Dialogue: change, input, submit
- DownloadButton: click
- Dropdown: change, input, select, focus, blur, key_up
- DuplicateButton: click
- File: change, select, clear, upload, delete, download
- FileExplorer: change, input, select
- Gallery: select, upload, change, delete, preview_close, preview_open
- HTML: change, input, click, double_click, submit, stop, edit, clear, play, pause, end, start_recording, pause_recording, stop_recording, focus, blur, upload, release, select, stream, like, example_select, option_select, load, key_up, apply, delete, tick, undo, retry, expand, collapse, download, copy
- HighlightedText: change, select
- Image: clear, change, stream, select, upload, input
- ImageEditor: clear, change, input, select, upload, apply
- ImageSlider: clear, change, stream, select, upload, input
- JSON: change
- Label: change, select
- LinePlot: select, double_click
- LoginButton: click
- Markdown: change, copy
- Model3D: change, upload, edit, clear
- MultimodalTextbox: change, input, select, submit, focus, blur, stop
- Navbar: change
- Number: change, input, submit, focus, blur
- ParamViewer: change, upload
- Plot: change
- Radio: select, change, input
- ScatterPlot: select, double_click
- SimpleImage: clear, change, upload
- Slider: change, input, release
- State: change
- Textbox: change, input, select, submit, focus, blur, stop, copy
- Timer: tick
- UploadButton: click, upload
- Video: change, clear, start_recording, stop_recording, stop, play, pause, end, upload, input
Additional Reference
- End-to-End Examples — complete working apps