html-css-guide（HTML CSS 指南）

HTML/CSS Guide

Applies to: HTML5, CSS3, SCSS/LESS, Responsive Design, WCAG 2.1 AA

Core Principles

1. Semantic First: Use HTML elements for their meaning, not their appearance; style with CSS
2. Accessible by Default: Every page must be navigable by keyboard, screen reader, and assistive technology
3. Progressive Enhancement: Build a solid HTML foundation, then layer on CSS and JavaScript
4. Mobile First: Design for the smallest viewport, then enhance with min-width media queries
5. Performance Budget: Minimize render-blocking resources; prefer system fonts, modern image formats, and critical CSS inlining

Guardrails

Semantic HTML

• Use <main> once per page; <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <aside> for landmarks
• Use <article> for self-contained content; <section> for thematic groups with a heading
• Use <figure>/<figcaption> for captioned media; <time datetime="..."> for dates
• Headings (<h1>-<h6>) must follow a logical outline; never skip levels for styling
• Use <button> for actions and <a> for navigation; never <div onclick>
• Lists (<ul>, <ol>, <dl>) for groups of related items; not <div> sequences

<article>
  <header>
    <h2>Deploying with Zero Downtime</h2>
    <time datetime="2025-03-15">March 15, 2025</time>
  </header>
  <section aria-labelledby="prereqs">
    <h3 id="prereqs">Prerequisites</h3>
    <ul>
      <li>Container runtime (Docker or Podman)</li>
      <li>Load balancer with health checks</li>
    </ul>
  </section>
</article>

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA)

• Every <img> must have alt; decorative images use alt=""
• All form inputs must have associated <label> elements (use for/id)
• Color contrast: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (18px+ bold or 24px+)
• Focus indicators must be visible; never outline: none without a replacement
• Skip-to-content link as the first focusable element on every page
• All interactive elements must be keyboard-operable
• Use aria-live="polite" for dynamic updates; role="alert" for immediate announcements
• Use aria-expanded, aria-controls, aria-haspopup for disclosure widgets
• Do not rely on color alone to convey information (add icons, text, or patterns)

<a href="#main" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>

<form aria-labelledby="signup-heading">
  <h2 id="signup-heading">Create Account</h2>
  <label for="email">Email</label>
  <input id="email" type="email" required autocomplete="email"
         aria-describedby="email-hint" />
  <p id="email-hint" class="hint">We will never share your email.</p>
  <button type="submit">Create Account</button>
</form>

CSS Architecture

• One component per file; file name matches component (card.css, nav.css)
• Use @layer for specificity control: reset, base, layout, components, utilities
• Prefer BEM (.block__element--modifier) or utility-first -- pick one, stay consistent
• Never use !important outside utility overrides; fix specificity instead
• Max 3 levels of nesting (native or preprocessor)
• Custom properties for all theme values (colors, spacing, typography, radii)
• No inline styles unless dynamically computed by JavaScript

@layer reset, base, layout, components, utilities;

@layer base {
  :root {
    --color-primary: oklch(55% 0.22 265);
    --color-surface: oklch(98% 0.005 265);
    --color-text: oklch(20% 0.02 265);
    --space-sm: 0.5rem;
    --space-md: 1rem;
    --space-lg: 2rem;
    --radius-md: 0.5rem;
    --font-body: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
  }
}

@layer components {
  .card { background: var(--color-surface); border-radius: var(--radius-md); padding: var(--space-md); }
  .card__title { font-size: 1.25rem; color: var(--color-text); }
  .card--featured { border: 2px solid var(--color-primary); }
}

Performance

• Inline critical CSS in <head> for first contentful paint
• Use font-display: swap for web fonts; prefer system font stacks
• Modern image formats: AVIF > WebP > JPEG; use <picture> with fallbacks
• Animate only transform and opacity to avoid layout reflows
• Use content-visibility: auto for off-screen sections
• Set width/height or aspect-ratio on media to prevent layout shift

<picture>
  <source srcset="hero.avif" type="image/avif" />
  <source srcset="hero.webp" type="image/webp" />
  <img src="hero.jpg" alt="Dashboard overview" width="1200" height="630"
       loading="lazy" decoding="async" />
</picture>

Responsive Design

• Mobile-first: base styles for small screens, add complexity with min-width queries
• Use rem/em for sizing; reserve px for borders and fine details only
• Fluid typography with clamp(): font-size: clamp(1rem, 0.5rem + 1.5vw, 1.5rem)
• Container queries (@container) for component-level responsiveness
• Test at 320px, 768px, 1024px, 1440px, and with 200% browser zoom
• Touch targets: at least 44x44px on mobile

Key Patterns

Grid (2D) vs Flexbox (1D)

Use CSS Grid for page layouts with rows and columns; use Flexbox for single-axis alignment.

/* Grid: 2D page layout */
.page {
  display: grid;
  grid-template: "header header" auto "sidebar main" 1fr "footer footer" auto / 16rem 1fr;
  min-height: 100dvh;
}

/* Flexbox: 1D navigation */
.nav { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-md); }
.nav__logo { margin-right: auto; }

Container Queries

.card-container { container-type: inline-size; container-name: card; }

@container card (min-width: 30rem) {
  .card { flex-direction: row; align-items: center; }
}

The:has() Selector

.field:has(input:focus) { outline: 2px solid var(--color-primary); }
.card:has(img) { padding: 0; }
form:has(:invalid) button[type="submit"] { opacity: 0.5; pointer-events: none; }

Cascade Layers (@layer)

@layer reset, base, layout, components, utilities;

@layer reset { *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; } }
@layer utilities {
  .visually-hidden {
    clip: rect(0 0 0 0); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px;
    overflow: hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px;
  }
}

Dark Mode and User Preferences

:root { color-scheme: light dark; --color-bg: oklch(98% 0.005 265); }
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { :root { --color-bg: oklch(15% 0.02 265); } }
[data-theme="dark"] { --color-bg: oklch(15% 0.02 265); }

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important; transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

Accessibility Checklist (WCAG 2.1 AA)

Perceivable

• All images have descriptive alt (or alt="" for decorative)
• Color contrast: 4.5:1 body text, 3:1 large text
• Information not conveyed by color alone
• Text resizable to 200% without content loss
• Captions for video; transcripts for audio

Operable

• All functionality keyboard-accessible (Tab, Enter, Escape, arrows)
• Logical focus order; visible focus indicators
• No keyboard traps; modals return focus on close
• Skip navigation link as first focusable element
• Touch targets at least 44x44px

Understandable

• <html lang="..."> set correctly
• Form inputs have visible labels and descriptive error messages
• Consistent navigation across pages

Robust

• Valid HTML (W3C validator)
• ARIA roles, states, and properties match widget behavior
• Tested with screen reader (VoiceOver, NVDA, or JAWS)
• Tested with 200% browser zoom

Tooling

npx stylelint "**/*.css"                      # CSS lint
npx stylelint "**/*.css" --fix                # CSS lint auto-fix
npx htmlhint "**/*.html"                      # HTML validation
npx prettier --check "**/*.{html,css,scss}"   # Format check
npx prettier --write "**/*.{html,css,scss}"   # Format fix
npx lighthouse http://localhost:3000 --output html --view  # Audit
npx @axe-core/cli http://localhost:3000       # Accessibility check
npx pa11y http://localhost:3000               # Accessibility test

Stylelint Configuration

{
  "extends": ["stylelint-config-standard"],
  "rules": {
    "declaration-no-important": true,
    "selector-max-specificity": "0,3,0",
    "max-nesting-depth": 3,
    "color-function-notation": "modern",
    "selector-class-pattern": "^[a-z][a-z0-9]*(__[a-z0-9-]+)?(--[a-z0-9-]+)?$"
  }
}

References

For detailed layout examples, accessibility patterns, and modern CSS features, see:

• references/patterns.md -- Grid/Flexbox layouts, modal dialogs, fluid typography, scroll animations

External References

• MDN HTML Reference
• MDN CSS Reference
• WCAG 2.1 Quick Reference
• WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices
• CSS Tricks Guide to Grid
• CSS Tricks Guide to Flexbox
• Every Layout
• Modern CSS Solutions
• web.dev Learn CSS
• Can I Use