haveibeenpwned（haveibeenpwned 搜索）

Have I Been Pwned API Skill

Expert assistance for integrating the Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) API v3 to check for compromised accounts, passwords, and data breaches. This skill provides comprehensive guidance for building security tools, breach notification systems, and password validation features.

When to Use This Skill

This skill should be triggered when:

• Checking if emails/accounts appear in data breaches - "check if this email was pwned"
• Validating password security - "check if password is in breach database"
• Building breach notification systems - "notify users about compromised accounts"
• Implementing password validation - "prevent users from choosing pwned passwords"
• Querying stealer logs - "check if credentials were stolen by malware"
• Integrating HIBP into authentication flows - "add breach checking to login"
• Monitoring domains for compromised emails - "track breaches affecting our domain"
• Working with the HIBP API - any questions about authentication, rate limits, or endpoints

Quick Reference

1. Basic Account Breach Check

import requests

def check_account_breaches(email, api_key):
    """Check if an account appears in any breaches"""
    headers = {
        'hibp-api-key': api_key,
        'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'
    }

    url = f'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/breachedaccount/{email}'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    if response.status_code == 200:
        return response.json()  # List of breach objects
    elif response.status_code == 404:
        return []  # Account not found in breaches
    else:
        response.raise_for_status()

# Usage
breaches = check_account_breaches('user@example.com', 'your-api-key')
print(f"Found in {len(breaches)} breaches")

2. Password Breach Check (k-Anonymity)

import hashlib
import requests

def check_password_pwned(password):
    """Check if password appears in breaches using k-anonymity"""
    # Hash password with SHA-1
    sha1_hash = hashlib.sha1(password.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest().upper()
    prefix = sha1_hash[:5]
    suffix = sha1_hash[5:]

    # Query API with first 5 characters only
    url = f'https://api.pwnedpasswords.com/range/{prefix}'
    response = requests.get(url)

    # Parse response for matching suffix
    hashes = (line.split(':') for line in response.text.splitlines())
    for hash_suffix, count in hashes:
        if hash_suffix == suffix:
            return int(count)  # Times password appears in breaches
    return 0  # Password not found

# Usage
count = check_password_pwned('password123')
if count > 0:
    print(f"⚠️ Password found {count} times in breaches!")

3. Get All Breaches in System

import requests

def get_all_breaches(domain=None):
    """Retrieve all breaches, optionally filtered by domain"""
    url = 'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/breaches'
    params = {'domain': domain} if domain else {}

    headers = {'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'}
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)

    return response.json()

# Usage - no authentication required
breaches = get_all_breaches()
print(f"Total breaches: {len(breaches)}")

# Filter by domain
adobe_breaches = get_all_breaches(domain='adobe.com')

4. Monitor for New Breaches

import requests
import time

def monitor_latest_breach(check_interval=3600):
    """Poll for new breaches every hour"""
    last_breach_name = None

    while True:
        url = 'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/latestbreach'
        headers = {'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'}
        response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

        if response.status_code == 200:
            breach = response.json()
            if breach['Name'] != last_breach_name:
                print(f"🆕 New breach: {breach['Title']}")
                print(f"   Accounts affected: {breach['PwnCount']:,}")
                last_breach_name = breach['Name']

        time.sleep(check_interval)

5. Domain-Wide Breach Search

import requests

def search_domain_breaches(domain, api_key):
    """Search for all breached emails in a verified domain"""
    headers = {
        'hibp-api-key': api_key,
        'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'
    }

    url = f'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/breacheddomain/{domain}'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    if response.status_code == 200:
        results = response.json()
        # Returns: {"alias1": ["Adobe"], "alias2": ["Adobe", "Gawker"]}
        total_affected = len(results)
        print(f"Found {total_affected} compromised accounts")
        return results
    else:
        response.raise_for_status()

6. Check Pastes for Account

import requests

def check_pastes(email, api_key):
    """Check if email appears in any pastes"""
    headers = {
        'hibp-api-key': api_key,
        'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'
    }

    url = f'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/pasteaccount/{email}'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    if response.status_code == 200:
        pastes = response.json()
        for paste in pastes:
            print(f"{paste['Source']}: {paste['Title']}")
            print(f"  Date: {paste['Date']}")
            print(f"  Emails found: {paste['EmailCount']}")
        return pastes
    elif response.status_code == 404:
        return []  # No pastes found

7. Enhanced Password Check with Padding

import hashlib
import requests

def check_password_secure(password):
    """Check password with padding to prevent inference attacks"""
    sha1_hash = hashlib.sha1(password.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest().upper()
    prefix = sha1_hash[:5]
    suffix = sha1_hash[5:]

    headers = {'Add-Padding': 'true'}
    url = f'https://api.pwnedpasswords.com/range/{prefix}'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    # Parse response, ignore padded entries (count=0)
    for line in response.text.splitlines():
        hash_suffix, count = line.split(':')
        if hash_suffix == suffix and int(count) > 0:
            return int(count)
    return 0

8. Handle Rate Limiting

import requests
import time

def api_call_with_retry(url, headers, max_retries=3):
    """Make API call with automatic retry on rate limit"""
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

        if response.status_code == 429:
            # Rate limited - wait and retry
            retry_after = int(response.headers.get('retry-after', 2))
            print(f"Rate limited, waiting {retry_after}s...")
            time.sleep(retry_after)
            continue

        return response

    raise Exception("Max retries exceeded")

9. Check Subscription Status

import requests

def get_subscription_info(api_key):
    """Retrieve API subscription details and limits"""
    headers = {
        'hibp-api-key': api_key,
        'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'
    }

    url = 'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/subscription/status'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    if response.status_code == 200:
        info = response.json()
        print(f"Plan: {info['SubscriptionName']}")
        print(f"Rate limit: {info['Rpm']} requests/minute")
        print(f"Valid until: {info['SubscribedUntil']}")
        return info

10. Stealer Logs Search

import requests

def check_stealer_logs(email, api_key):
    """Check if credentials appear in info stealer malware logs"""
    headers = {
        'hibp-api-key': api_key,
        'user-agent': 'MyApp/1.0'
    }

    url = f'https://haveibeenpwned.com/api/v3/stealerlogsbyemail/{email}'
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    if response.status_code == 200:
        domains = response.json()  # List of website domains
        print(f"Credentials found for {len(domains)} websites")
        return domains
    elif response.status_code == 404:
        return []  # Not found in stealer logs

# Requires Pwned 5+ subscription

Key Concepts

Authentication

• API Key Format: 32-character hexadecimal string
• Header: hibp-api-key: {your-key}
• User-Agent Required: Must set valid user-agent header (returns 403 if missing)
• Test Key: 00000000000000000000000000000000 for integration testing

k-Anonymity Model

The Pwned Passwords API uses k-anonymity to protect user privacy:

1. Client hashes password locally with SHA-1
2. Sends only first 5 characters of hash to API
3. API returns ~800 matching hash suffixes
4. Client checks locally if full hash matches

This ensures the actual password never leaves your system.

Rate Limiting

• Varies by subscription tier: Pwned 5 = 1,000 requests/minute
• HTTP 429 response when exceeded with retry-after header
• Pwned Passwords API: No rate limit
• Best practice: Implement exponential backoff on 429 responses

Breach Model Attributes

Key fields in breach objects:

• Name: Unique identifier (e.g., "Adobe")
• Title: Human-readable name
• BreachDate: When breach occurred (ISO 8601)
• PwnCount: Total compromised accounts
• DataClasses: Types of data exposed (emails, passwords, etc.)
• IsVerified: Breach authenticity confirmed
• IsSensitive: Excluded from public searches

Response Codes

Reference Files

This skill includes comprehensive API documentation in references/:

• other.md - Complete HIBP API v3 reference with all endpoints, authentication, and usage examples

The reference file contains:

• All API endpoints - Breaches, pastes, passwords, stealer logs
• Request/response formats - Headers, parameters, JSON structures
• Authentication details - API key setup and usage
• Rate limiting information - Subscription tiers and retry strategies
• Test accounts - Pre-configured test data for integration
• Code examples - Real-world implementation patterns

Use view to read the reference file when you need detailed information about specific endpoints or advanced features.

Working with This Skill

For Beginners

Start by understanding the core concepts:

1. Password checking - Use Pwned Passwords API (no authentication required)
2. Account breaches - Requires API key from haveibeenpwned.com
3. k-Anonymity - Learn how password hashing protects privacy

Begin with Quick Reference examples #1 (breach check) and #2 (password check).

For Integration Projects

Focus on:

1. Authentication setup - Get API key and configure headers
2. Rate limiting - Implement retry logic (example #8)
3. Error handling - Handle 404, 401, 429 responses properly
4. User experience - Provide clear messaging about breach exposure

Review Quick Reference examples #5 (domain search) and #9 (subscription info).

For Production Systems

Consider:

1. Caching - Store breach results to reduce API calls
2. Background processing - Check breaches asynchronously
3. Monitoring - Track new breaches with latest breach endpoint (example #4)
4. Privacy - Never log passwords, use k-anonymity model
5. Compliance - Follow attribution requirements (CC BY 4.0)

For Security Tools

Advanced patterns:

1. Stealer logs - Check malware-stolen credentials (example #10)
2. Domain monitoring - Track all compromised accounts in your organization
3. Paste monitoring - Alert on email exposure in public pastes (example #6)
4. Padding - Use response padding to prevent inference attacks (example #7)

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Sign-up Password Validation

# Prevent users from choosing compromised passwords
def validate_signup_password(password):
    count = check_password_pwned(password)
    if count > 0:
        return False, f"This password appears in {count} data breaches"
    return True, "Password is secure"

Pattern 2: Breach Notification System

# Notify users when their account appears in new breach
def notify_affected_users():
    latest = get_latest_breach()
    affected_users = query_users_in_breach(latest['Name'])
    for user in affected_users:
        send_notification(user, latest)

Pattern 3: Compliance Check

# Verify all domain accounts for compliance reporting
def domain_security_audit(domain, api_key):
    breached = search_domain_breaches(domain, api_key)
    report = {
        'total_accounts': len(breached),
        'affected_accounts': breached,
        'timestamp': datetime.now()
    }
    return report

API Endpoints Summary

Authenticated Endpoints (Require API Key)

• GET /breachedaccount/{account} - Check account breaches
• GET /pasteaccount/{account} - Check pastes
• GET /breacheddomain/{domain} - Domain-wide search
• GET /subscribeddomains - List verified domains
• GET /subscription/status - Check subscription
• GET /stealerlogsbyemail/{email} - Stealer logs by email
• GET /stealerlogsbywebsitedomain/{domain} - Stealer logs by site
• GET /stealerlogsbyemaildomain/{domain} - Stealer logs by email domain

Public Endpoints (No Authentication)

• GET /breaches - All breaches in system
• GET /breach/{name} - Single breach details
• GET /latestbreach - Most recent breach
• GET /dataclasses - List of data types
• GET https://api.pwnedpasswords.com/range/{prefix} - Password check

Testing

Test Accounts

Use these on domain hibp-integration-tests.com:

• account-exists@ - Has breaches and pastes
• multiple-breaches@ - Three different breaches
• spam-list-only@ - Only spam-flagged breach
• stealer-log@ - In stealer logs
• opt-out@ - No results (opted out)

Test API Key

Use 00000000000000000000000000000000 for integration testing.

Best Practices

1. Always set User-Agent - Required header, returns 403 without it
2. Use HTTPS only - API requires TLS 1.2+
3. Implement retry logic - Handle 429 rate limits gracefully
4. Cache breach data - Reduce API calls for frequently checked accounts
5. Never log passwords - Use k-anonymity model, hash locally
6. Provide attribution - Link to haveibeenpwned.com (CC BY 4.0 license)
7. Handle 404 gracefully - "Not found" is good news for users
8. Use padding for passwords - Add Add-Padding: true header

Resources

Official Links

• API Documentation: https://haveibeenpwned.com/API/v3
• Get API Key: https://haveibeenpwned.com/API/Key
• Dashboard: https://haveibeenpwned.com/DomainSearch

Community Tools

• PwnedPasswordsDownloader (GitHub) - Download full password database
• Integration libraries available for Python, JavaScript, Go, C#, and more

Acceptable Use

Permitted:

• Security tools and breach notifications
• Password validation in authentication systems
• Compliance and security audits
• Educational and research purposes

Prohibited:

• Targeting or harming breach victims
• Denial-of-service attacks
• Circumventing security measures
• Misrepresenting data source
• Automating undocumented APIs

Violations may result in API key revocation or IP blocking.

Notes

• Breach data licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
• Pwned Passwords has no licensing requirements
• CORS only supported for unauthenticated endpoints
• Never expose API keys in client-side code
• Service tracks 917+ breaches as of API documentation date