nestjs（nestjs 效率）

NestJS

Version: @nestjs/core@latest | Node >= 20 | TypeScript required

Quick Setup

npm i -g @nestjs/cli
nest new my-app

Production-ready main.ts:

import { NestFactory, Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
import { ClassSerializerInterceptor, ValidationPipe, VersioningType } from '@nestjs/common';
import { AppModule } from './app.module';

async function bootstrap() {
  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);

  app.useGlobalPipes(new ValidationPipe({
    whitelist: true,
    forbidNonWhitelisted: true,
    transform: true,
    transformOptions: { enableImplicitConversion: true },
  }));
  app.useGlobalInterceptors(new ClassSerializerInterceptor(app.get(Reflector)));
  app.enableVersioning({ type: VersioningType.URI });
  app.enableShutdownHooks();

  await app.listen(process.env.PORT ?? 3000);
}
bootstrap();

Application Structure

Organize by feature, not by technical layer:

src/
├── users/
│   ├── dto/
│   │   ├── create-user.dto.ts
│   │   └── update-user.dto.ts
│   ├── entities/user.entity.ts
│   ├── users.controller.ts
│   ├── users.service.ts
│   └── users.module.ts
├── shared/
│   ├── guards/
│   ├── interceptors/
│   ├── filters/
│   └── shared.module.ts
└── app.module.ts

Building Blocks

Rule Categories

Critical Rules

Always Do

• Enable ValidationPipe globally with whitelist: true, forbidNonWhitelisted: true, transform: true
• Use constructor injection — never property injection (except @Optional() dependencies)
• Organize by feature modules, not technical layers (controllers/, services/ dirs are anti-patterns)
• Throw HttpException subclasses (NotFoundException, ConflictException, etc.) from services
• Use @nestjs/config with Joi/Zod validation schema — never access process.env directly
• Use APP_GUARD, APP_INTERCEPTOR, APP_FILTER, APP_PIPE tokens when global providers need DI
• Enable app.enableShutdownHooks() and implement OnApplicationShutdown
• Export providers from a dedicated module and import that module elsewhere — never provide the same service in multiple modules

Never Do

• Create circular module dependencies — extract to a SharedModule or use events instead
• Use @Res() without passthrough: true if NestJS should still handle the response
• Use forwardRef() as a first solution — it hides architectural problems
• Define providers in multiple modules — creates separate instances with inconsistent state
• Catch exceptions in controllers and return manual JSON — use exception filters
• Use mutable singleton state for per-request data — use Scope.REQUEST or nestjs-cls

Key Patterns

Feature Module + Controller + Service

// users.module.ts
@Module({
  imports: [TypeOrmModule.forFeature([User])],
  controllers: [UsersController],
  providers: [UsersService],
  exports: [UsersService],
})
export class UsersModule {}

// users.controller.ts
@Controller('users')
export class UsersController {
  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}

  @Get(':id')
  findOne(@Param('id', ParseUUIDPipe) id: string): Promise<User> {
    return this.usersService.findById(id);
  }

  @Post()
  @HttpCode(HttpStatus.CREATED)
  create(@Body() dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
    return this.usersService.create(dto);
  }
}

// users.service.ts
@Injectable()
export class UsersService {
  constructor(@InjectRepository(User) private readonly repo: Repository<User>) {}

  async findById(id: string): Promise<User> {
    const user = await this.repo.findOne({ where: { id } });
    if (!user) throw new NotFoundException(`User #${id} not found`);
    return user;
  }

  create(dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
    return this.repo.save(this.repo.create(dto));
  }
}

DTO + Validation

import { IsEmail, IsString, MinLength, MaxLength, Transform } from 'class-validator';

export class CreateUserDto {
  @IsString()
  @MinLength(2)
  @MaxLength(100)
  @Transform(({ value }) => value?.trim())
  name: string;

  @IsEmail()
  @Transform(({ value }) => value?.toLowerCase().trim())
  email: string;

  @IsString()
  @MinLength(8)
  password: string;
}

Guard + Roles

// decorators
export const Public = () => SetMetadata('isPublic', true);
export const Roles = (...roles: Role[]) => SetMetadata('roles', roles);

// guards registered globally via APP_GUARD
@Injectable()
export class RolesGuard implements CanActivate {
  constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {}

  canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
    const roles = this.reflector.getAllAndOverride<Role[]>('roles', [
      context.getHandler(), context.getClass(),
    ]);
    if (!roles) return true;
    const { user } = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
    return roles.some(role => user.roles?.includes(role));
  }
}

// usage
@Controller('admin')
@Roles(Role.Admin)
export class AdminController {
  @Public()
  @Get('health')
  health() { return { status: 'ok' }; }
}

Global Exception Filter

@Catch()
export class AllExceptionsFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
  private readonly logger = new Logger('HTTP');

  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {
    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
    const request = ctx.getRequest<Request>();

    const status = exception instanceof HttpException
      ? exception.getStatus()
      : HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;

    this.logger.error(`${request.method} ${request.url}`,
      exception instanceof Error ? exception.stack : String(exception));

    response.status(status).json({
      statusCode: status,
      message: exception instanceof HttpException ? exception.message : 'Internal server error',
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      path: request.url,
    });
  }
}

ConfigModule Bootstrap

// app.module.ts
@Module({
  imports: [
    ConfigModule.forRoot({
      isGlobal: true,
      validationSchema: Joi.object({
        NODE_ENV: Joi.string().valid('development', 'production', 'test').required(),
        PORT: Joi.number().default(3000),
        DATABASE_URL: Joi.string().required(),
        JWT_SECRET: Joi.string().min(32).required(),
      }),
    }),
  ],
})
export class AppModule {}

// usage in service
@Injectable()
export class AppService {
  constructor(private config: ConfigService) {}

  getDatabaseUrl(): string {
    return this.config.getOrThrow<string>('DATABASE_URL');
  }
}

CLI Generators

nest g resource users     # Full CRUD resource (module + controller + service + DTOs)
nest g module auth        # Module only
nest g controller users   # Controller only
nest g service users      # Service only
nest g guard jwt-auth     # Guard
nest g interceptor logging # Interceptor
nest g filter all-exceptions # Exception filter
nest g pipe parse-date    # Pipe
nest g decorator roles    # Decorator
nest g middleware logger  # Middleware