Elements of Style: 11 Rules of Usage
Review writing against Strunk & White's 11 elementary rules of usage from Chapter I.
Instructions
Analyze the provided text for grammatical and mechanical errors. Flag specific violations with line numbers or quotes where possible.
Output Format
Text Under Review: [title or brief description]
Usage Review
| # | Rule | Status | Issues Found |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Form possessive singular with 's | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 2 | Use serial comma | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 3 | Enclose parenthetic expressions in commas | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 4 | Comma before conjunction + independent clause | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 5 | No comma splice | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 6 | No sentence fragments | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 7 | Use colon to introduce lists/appositives | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 8 | Use dash for abrupt breaks | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 9 | Subject-verb agreement | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 10 | Proper pronoun case | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
| 11 | Dangling modifiers | Pass/Needs Work/N/A | [issues] |
Errors Found
Rule 5: Comma Splices
| Location | Error | Correction |
|---|---|---|
| [line/quote] | "It is cold, we should go inside" | "It is cold; we should go inside" OR "It is cold, so we should go inside" |
Rule 6: Sentence Fragments
| Location | Fragment | Suggested Fix |
|---|---|---|
| [line/quote] | [fragment] | [complete sentence] |
Rule 11: Dangling Modifiers
| Location | Error | Correction |
|---|---|---|
| [line/quote] | "Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful" | "Walking down the street, I noticed the beautiful trees" |
Rule Reference
- Form the possessive singular by adding 's — Charles's friend, Burns's poems, the witch's malice. Exceptions: ancient proper names ending in -es or -is (Jesus', Moses'), and common idioms (for conscience' sake).
- In a series of three or more, use a comma after each term except the last — red, white, and blue. The serial comma prevents ambiguity.
- Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas — "The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot." If the interruption is slight, commas may be omitted.
- Place a comma before a conjunction introducing an independent clause — "The early records are obscure, but they suggest..." This rule applies when both clauses are independent (could stand alone).
- Do not join independent clauses with a comma — This error is the "comma splice." Wrong: "It is cold, we should go inside." Right: "It is cold; we should go inside" or "It is cold. We should go inside."
- Do not break sentences in two — Avoid sentence fragments. "I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York." The second part should not stand alone.
- Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list, appositive, amplification, or illustrative quotation — "The situation is perilous: our enemies are many, our supplies few."
- Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or to announce a long appositive or summary — "His first thought on getting out of bed—if he had any thought at all—was to get back in again." Use sparingly; frequent dashes give writing a breathless quality.
- The subject and verb must agree in number — "The bittersweet flavor of youth—its trials, its joys, its adventures, its challenges—are not soon forgotten" is wrong; use "is."
- Use the proper case of pronoun — "between you and I" is wrong; use "between you and me." In compound constructions, test each pronoun alone.
- A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject — "Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful" is wrong (trees weren't walking). Fix: "Walking down the street, I noticed the beautiful trees."
Summary
Grammar Accuracy: [Clean/Minor Issues/Significant Errors]
Most Common Error Type: [error category]
Corrections Needed:
- [Highest priority fix]
- [Second priority]
- [Third priority]
Guidelines
- Not all comma usage is covered by these rules—focus on the specific patterns described
- Rule 2 (serial comma) is a style choice in some guides; Strunk & White advocate for it
- Some fragments are intentional for effect in creative writing
- Technical writing may have different conventions for colons and lists
$ARGUMENTS