drupal-migration（Drupal 迁移）

Drupal Migration Expert

You are an expert in Drupal's Migrate API, helping with D7 to D10/D11 migrations, CSV imports, and custom data migrations.

Essential Modules

# Core migration modules
drush en migrate migrate_drupal migrate_drupal_ui

# Contrib essentials
composer require drupal/migrate_plus drupal/migrate_tools drupal/migrate_file
drush en migrate_plus migrate_tools migrate_file

Migration Architecture

Migration YAML Structure

# migrations/migrate_plus.migration.my_migration.yml
id: my_migration
label: 'My Migration'
migration_group: my_group

source:
  plugin: source_plugin_name
  # Source configuration

process:
  # Field mappings
  destination_field: source_field

destination:
  plugin: 'entity:node'
  default_bundle: article

migration_dependencies:
  required:
    - other_migration

Key Components

1. Source - Where data comes from (D7 database, CSV, JSON API)
2. Process - Transform data between source and destination
3. Destination - Where data goes (nodes, users, taxonomy terms)

D7 to D10 Migration

Setup Database Connection

// settings.php
$databases['migrate']['default'] = [
  'driver' => 'mysql',
  'database' => 'drupal7_db',
  'username' => 'db_user',
  'password' => 'db_pass',
  'host' => 'localhost',
  'prefix' => '',
];

Using the UI

drush en migrate_drupal_ui
# Visit /upgrade to use wizard

Using Drush (Recommended)

# Generate migrations from D7
drush migrate:upgrade --legacy-db-key=migrate --configure-only

# List generated migrations
drush migrate:status

# Run all migrations
drush migrate:import --all

# Run specific migration
drush migrate:import upgrade_d7_node_article

# Rollback
drush migrate:rollback upgrade_d7_node_article

Common D7 Migration Customizations

Override generated migrations with custom YAML:

# migrations/migrate_plus.migration.upgrade_d7_node_article.yml
id: upgrade_d7_node_article
label: 'Article nodes from D7'
migration_group: migrate_drupal_7

source:
  plugin: d7_node
  node_type: article

process:
  type:
    plugin: default_value
    default_value: article
  title: title
  uid:
    plugin: migration_lookup
    migration: upgrade_d7_user
    source: uid
  body:
    plugin: sub_process
    source: body
    process:
      value: value
      format:
        plugin: static_map
        source: format
        map:
          full_html: full_html
          filtered_html: basic_html
        default_value: basic_html
  field_image:
    plugin: migration_lookup
    migration: upgrade_d7_file
    source: field_image/0/fid

destination:
  plugin: 'entity:node'
  default_bundle: article

migration_dependencies:
  required:
    - upgrade_d7_user
    - upgrade_d7_file

CSV Migrations

Source Plugin Configuration

# migrations/migrate_plus.migration.import_products.yml
id: import_products
label: 'Import products from CSV'
migration_group: imports

source:
  plugin: csv
  path: 'modules/custom/my_module/data/products.csv'
  ids:
    - sku
  header_row_count: 1
  # Optionally define columns explicitly
  column_names:
    0:
      sku: 'Product SKU'
    1:
      name: 'Product Name'
    2:
      price: 'Price'
    3:
      category: 'Category'

process:
  type:
    plugin: default_value
    default_value: product
  title: name
  field_sku: sku
  field_price: price
  field_category:
    plugin: entity_lookup
    source: category
    entity_type: taxonomy_term
    bundle: product_categories
    bundle_key: vid
    value_key: name

destination:
  plugin: 'entity:node'
  default_bundle: product

Running CSV Migrations

# Import
drush migrate:import import_products

# Update existing records
drush migrate:import import_products --update

# Reset status if stuck
drush migrate:reset-status import_products

JSON/API Migrations

HTTP JSON Source

id: import_api_users
label: 'Import users from API'

source:
  plugin: url
  data_fetcher_plugin: http
  data_parser_plugin: json
  urls:
    - 'https://api.example.com/users'
  item_selector: data
  ids:
    id:
      type: integer
  fields:
    - name: id
      selector: id
    - name: email
      selector: email
    - name: full_name
      selector: attributes/name

process:
  name: full_name
  mail: email
  init: email
  status:
    plugin: default_value
    default_value: 1

destination:
  plugin: 'entity:user'

Common Process Plugins

Basic Transformations

process:
  # Direct mapping
  title: source_title

  # Default value
  status:
    plugin: default_value
    default_value: 1

  # Static mapping
  field_type:
    plugin: static_map
    source: type
    map:
      old_type_1: new_type_1
      old_type_2: new_type_2
    default_value: default_type

  # Concatenate
  title:
    plugin: concat
    source:
      - first_name
      - last_name
    delimiter: ' '

  # Substring
  field_summary:
    plugin: substr
    source: body
    start: 0
    length: 200

Entity References

process:
  # Migration lookup (referenced entity was migrated)
  uid:
    plugin: migration_lookup
    migration: users
    source: author_id

  # Entity lookup (entity already exists)
  field_category:
    plugin: entity_lookup
    source: category_name
    entity_type: taxonomy_term
    bundle: categories
    bundle_key: vid
    value_key: name

  # Entity generate (create if not exists)
  field_tags:
    plugin: entity_generate
    source: tags
    entity_type: taxonomy_term
    bundle: tags
    bundle_key: vid
    value_key: name

Multiple Values

process:
  # Handle multiple values
  field_tags:
    plugin: sub_process
    source: tags
    process:
      target_id:
        plugin: entity_generate
        source: name
        entity_type: taxonomy_term
        bundle: tags
        value_key: name

  # Explode string to array
  field_keywords:
    - plugin: explode
      source: keywords
      delimiter: ','
    - plugin: entity_generate
      entity_type: taxonomy_term
      bundle: keywords
      value_key: name

Conditional Processing

process:
  # Skip if empty
  field_image:
    plugin: skip_on_empty
    method: process
    source: image_url

  # Skip row if condition
  pseudo_skip:
    plugin: skip_on_value
    source: status
    method: row
    value: 'draft'

Custom Source Plugin

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Drupal\my_module\Plugin\migrate\source;

use Drupal\migrate\Attribute\MigrateSource;
use Drupal\migrate\Plugin\migrate\source\SqlBase;
use Drupal\migrate\Row;

/**
 * Custom source for legacy products.
 */
#[MigrateSource(
  id: 'legacy_products',
  source_module: 'my_module',
)]
class LegacyProducts extends SqlBase {

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public function query() {
    $query = $this->select('legacy_products', 'p');
    $query->fields('p', ['id', 'name', 'price', 'description']);
    $query->condition('p.status', 'active');
    $query->orderBy('p.id');
    return $query;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public function fields() {
    return [
      'id' => $this->t('Product ID'),
      'name' => $this->t('Product name'),
      'price' => $this->t('Price'),
      'description' => $this->t('Description'),
    ];
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public function getIds() {
    return [
      'id' => [
        'type' => 'integer',
        'alias' => 'p',
      ],
    ];
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public function prepareRow(Row $row) {
    // Add computed fields or modify data
    $price = $row->getSourceProperty('price');
    $row->setSourceProperty('price_with_tax', $price * 1.21);

    return parent::prepareRow($row);
  }

}

Custom Process Plugin

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Drupal\my_module\Plugin\migrate\process;

use Drupal\migrate\Attribute\MigrateProcess;
use Drupal\migrate\MigrateExecutableInterface;
use Drupal\migrate\ProcessPluginBase;
use Drupal\migrate\Row;

/**
 * Converts price from cents to decimal.
 *
 * Example usage:
 * @code
 * process:
 *   field_price:
 *     plugin: cents_to_decimal
 *     source: price_cents
 * @endcode
 */
#[MigrateProcess(id: 'cents_to_decimal')]
class CentsToDecimal extends ProcessPluginBase {

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public function transform($value, MigrateExecutableInterface $migrate_executable, Row $row, $destination_property) {
    if (empty($value) || !is_numeric($value)) {
      return NULL;
    }

    return number_format((float) $value / 100, 2, '.', '');
  }

}

Drush Commands Reference

# List all migrations
drush migrate:status

# Run migration
drush migrate:import migration_id

# Run with options
drush migrate:import migration_id --limit=100
drush migrate:import migration_id --update
drush migrate:import migration_id --sync

# Rollback
drush migrate:rollback migration_id

# Reset stuck migration
drush migrate:reset-status migration_id

# Stop running migration
drush migrate:stop migration_id

# Show messages/errors
drush migrate:messages migration_id

Debugging Migrations

Enable Verbose Output

drush migrate:import migration_id -vvv

Check Migration Status

# Add to migration YAML
migration_tags:
  - debug

Log Process Results

// In custom process plugin
\Drupal::logger('my_migration')->notice('Processing: @value', ['@value' => $value]);

Common Issues

"Migration is busy":

drush migrate:reset-status migration_id

Memory errors:

drush migrate:import migration_id --limit=500
# Process in batches

Missing dependencies: Check migration_dependencies in YAML matches actual migration IDs.

Best Practices

1. Always use migration groups to organize related migrations
2. Set migration_dependencies to ensure correct order
3. Test with --limit=10 before full import
4. Use --update for re-running updated migrations
5. Keep source data until migration is verified
6. Document field mappings in migration YAML comments
7. Create rollback plan before production migration
8. Monitor memory usage for large migrations

Migration Module Structure

my_migration/
├── my_migration.info.yml
├── my_migration.module
├── config/
│   └── install/
│       ├── migrate_plus.migration_group.my_group.yml
│       ├── migrate_plus.migration.users.yml
│       └── migrate_plus.migration.content.yml
├── src/
│   └── Plugin/
│       └── migrate/
│           ├── source/
│           │   └── LegacyProducts.php
│           └── process/
│               └── CentsToDecimal.php
└── data/
    └── import.csv

Sources

• Migrate API Documentation
• Migrate Plus
• Migrate Tools
• D7 to D10 Migration Guide