playwright（Playwright 浏览器测试）

Playwright Browser Automation

Overview

Playwright enables browser automation for web testing, screenshots, form filling, and scraping. This skill uses Python with uv for self-contained scripts that require no global installation.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.10+
• uv package manager
• Playwright browser binaries (one-time setup)

Setup (First Time Only)

Claude: Do not run browser installation commands directly. Suggest these commands to the user and let them run manually. This is a one-time setup that downloads ~200MB of browser binaries.

Suggest the user run:

# Install Chromium (recommended, ~200MB)
uv run --with playwright playwright install chromium

# Or install all browsers
uv run --with playwright playwright install

To verify installation:

uv run /path/to/plugins/playwright/scripts/check_setup.py

Quick Start

Take a screenshot of any URL:

uv run /path/to/plugins/playwright/scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com

Output: /tmp/screenshot-{timestamp}.png

Common Patterns

Take a Screenshot

# Default (visible browser)
uv run scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com

# Full page, headless
uv run scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com --full-page --headless

# Custom output path
uv run scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com -o /tmp/my-shot.png

Navigate and Extract Content

# Get page title and URL
uv run scripts/navigate.py https://example.com

# Extract all links as JSON
uv run scripts/navigate.py https://example.com --links

# Get page text content
uv run scripts/navigate.py https://example.com --text

Fill and Submit Forms

uv run scripts/fill_form.py https://example.com/login \
  --field "email=test@example.com" \
  --field "password=secret123" \
  --submit

Execute JavaScript

uv run scripts/evaluate.py https://example.com "document.title"
uv run scripts/evaluate.py https://example.com "document.querySelectorAll('a').length"

Writing Custom Scripts

Save this template to /tmp/my-automation.py:

#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run --script
# /// script
# requires-python = ">=3.10"
# dependencies = ["playwright==1.56.0"]
# ///
"""Custom Playwright automation script."""

import os
import sys
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

HEADLESS = os.getenv("HEADLESS", "0").lower() in ("1", "true", "yes")

def main():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=HEADLESS)
        page = browser.new_page()

        try:
            page.goto("https://example.com")
            print(f"Title: {page.title()}")

            # Use semantic locators (preferred)
            page.get_by_role("button", name="Submit").click()
            page.get_by_label("Email").fill("test@example.com")

            # Screenshot
            page.screenshot(path="/tmp/result.png")

        except Exception as e:
            page.screenshot(path="/tmp/error.png")
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1
        finally:
            browser.close()

    return 0

if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())

Run with:

uv run /tmp/my-automation.py

Modern Locator API

Prefer semantic locators over CSS selectors:

# PREFERRED: Semantic locators (accessible, stable)
page.get_by_role("button", name="Submit").click()
page.get_by_label("Email").fill("user@example.com")
page.get_by_placeholder("Search...").fill("query")
page.get_by_text("Welcome back").wait_for()
page.get_by_test_id("submit-btn").click()

# AVOID: Raw CSS selectors (fragile)
page.locator("button.btn-primary").click()  # Don't use

Combine locators:

# OR: Match either
page.get_by_role("button", name="New").or_(
    page.get_by_text("Create")
).click()

# Filter: Narrow down
page.locator("tr").filter(has_text="Active").first.click()

Quick Reference

Environment Variables

Example:

HEADLESS=1 SLOW_MO=250 uv run scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com

Tracing for Debugging

Enable tracing to debug complex automations:

context.tracing.start(screenshots=True, snapshots=True, sources=True)
# ... your automation ...
context.tracing.stop(path="/tmp/trace.zip")

View the trace:

uv run --with playwright playwright show-trace /tmp/trace.zip

Troubleshooting

"Browser not found"

Suggest the user install browser binaries (do not run directly):

uv run --with playwright playwright install chromium

"Timeout waiting for element"

Use proper waiting strategies:

# Wait for element to be visible
page.get_by_text("Loaded").wait_for(state="visible")

# Wait for network idle
page.goto(url, wait_until="networkidle")

"Element not interactable"

Ensure element is visible and scroll into view:

element = page.get_by_role("button", name="Submit")
element.scroll_into_view_if_needed()
element.click()

Headless mode issues

Debug with headed mode:

HEADLESS=0 uv run scripts/screenshot.py https://example.com

Container/CI Issues

Use these Chromium flags:

browser = p.chromium.launch(
    headless=True,
    args=["--disable-dev-shm-usage", "--no-sandbox"]
)

Advanced Usage

For comprehensive documentation, see:

• references/api-reference.md - Full API reference
• references/selectors.md - Selector patterns
• references/custom-scripts.md - Script templates
• references/troubleshooting.md - Common issues