dart-cli-app-best-practices（dart CLI 应用最佳实践）

Dart CLI Application Best Practices

1. When to use this skill

Use this skill when:

• Creating a new Dart CLI application.
• Refactoring an existing CLI entrypoint (bin/).
• Reviewing CLI code for quality and standards.
• Setting up executable scripts for Linux/Mac.

2. Best Practices

Entrypoint Structure (bin/)

Keep the contents of your entrypoint file (e.g., bin/my_app.dart) minimal. This improves testability by decoupling logic from the process runner.

DO:

// bin/my_app.dart
import 'package:my_app/src/entry_point.dart';

Future<void> main(List<String> arguments) async {
  await runApp(arguments);
}

DON'T:

• Put complex logic directly in bin/my_app.dart.
• Define classes or heavy functions in the entrypoint.

Put an executable entry in pubspec.yaml

List your executables in pubspec.yaml to make them available for global activation and clean invocation via dart run.

DO: Add an executables section mapping the command name to the Dart file in bin/ (excluding the .dart extension).

executables:
  my_app: # Maps to bin/my_app.dart
  custom_name: main # Maps to bin/main.dart

Then run via dart run my_app or dart run custom_name.

CONSIDER #! for other scripts on *nix systems

This is NOT a hard and fast rule, but it is something to consider.

For CLI tools intended to be run directly on Linux and Mac, add a shebang and ensure the file is executable.

DO:

1. Add #!/usr/bin/env dart to the first line.
2. Run chmod +x bin/my_script.dart to make it executable.

#!/usr/bin/env dart

void main() => print('Ready to run!');

Process Termination (exitCode)

Properly handle process termination to allow for debugging and correct status reporting.

DO:

• Use the exitCode setter to report failure.
• Allow main to complete naturally.
• Use standard exit codes (sysexits) for clarity (e.g., 64 for bad usage, 78 for configuration errors).

- See package:io ExitCode class or FreeBSD sysexits man page.

import 'dart:io';

void main() {
  if (someFailure) {
    exitCode = 64; // DO!
    return;
  }
}

AVOID:

• Calling exit(code) directly, as it terminates the VM immediately, preventing "pause on exit" debugging and finally blocks from running.

Exception Handling

Uncaught exceptions automatically set a non-zero exit code, but you should handle expected errors gracefully.

Example:

Future<void> main(List<String> arguments) async {
  try {
    await runApp(arguments);
  } catch (e, stack) {
    print('App crashed!');
    print(e);
    print(stack);
    exitCode = 1; // Explicitly fail
  }
}

Cross-Platform Compatibility (Windows Support)

When writing CLI applications and tests, ensure compatibility with Windows:

• Paths: Avoid hardcoding path separators like / because Windows uses \. Use package:path's p.join or p.normalize to construct paths portably.
• File Permissions: When testing file permission errors, remember that chmod is not available on Windows. Use icacls on Windows or appropriate mock libraries to simulate permission errors. Never skip tests on Windows simply because of permission commands if a Windows equivalent exists.

Discovery

To find areas to apply these best practices:

Heavy Entrypoints

Inspect files in bin/ to see if they contain logic that should be in lib/:

• Target: Files matching bin/*.dart.

Direct Process Termination

Search for calls to exit() instead of setting exitCode:

• Regex: \bexit\(

Hardcoded Path Separators

Search for hardcoded / in strings that appear to be file paths:

• Regex: ['"][^'"]+/[^'"]+['"] (Verify context as this may match URLs).

3. Recommended Packages

Use these community-standard packages owned by the Dart team to solve common CLI problems:

4. Interesting community packages

5. Conventions

• File Caching: Write cached files to .dart_tool/[pkg_name]/.
• User-Agent: Always set a User-Agent header in HTTP requests, including version info.