JavaScript Code Node
Expert guidance for writing JavaScript code in n8n Code nodes.
Quick Start
// Basic template for Code nodes
const items = $input.all();
// Process data
const processed = items.map(item => ({
json: {
...item.json,
processed: true,
timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
}
}));
return processed;Essential Rules
- Choose "Run Once for All Items" mode (recommended for most use cases)
- Access data:
$input.all(),$input.first(), or$input.item - CRITICAL: Must return
[{json: {...}}]format - CRITICAL: Webhook data is under
$json.body(not$jsondirectly) - Built-ins available: $helpers.httpRequest() (no auth), DateTime (Luxon), $jmespath(). Not available: $helpers.httpRequestWithAuthentication, $env (when N8N_BLOCK_ENV_ACCESS_IN_NODE=true), require() (unless allowlisted)
Mode Selection Guide
The Code node offers two execution modes. Choose based on your use case:
Run Once for All Items (Recommended - Default)
Use this mode for: 95% of use cases
- How it works: Code executes once regardless of input count
- Data access:
$input.all()oritemsarray - Best for: Aggregation, filtering, batch processing, transformations, API calls with all data
- Performance: Faster for multiple items (single execution)
// Example: Calculate total from all items
const allItems = $input.all();
const total = allItems.reduce((sum, item) => sum + (item.json.amount || 0), 0);
return [{
json: {
total,
count: allItems.length,
average: total / allItems.length
}
}];When to use:
- ✅ Comparing items across the dataset
- ✅ Calculating totals, averages, or statistics
- ✅ Sorting or ranking items
- ✅ Deduplication
- ✅ Building aggregated reports
- ✅ Combining data from multiple items
Run Once for Each Item
Use this mode for: Specialized cases only
- How it works: Code executes separately for each input item
- Data access:
$input.itemor$item - Best for: Item-specific logic, independent operations, per-item validation
- Performance: Slower for large datasets (multiple executions)
// Example: Add processing timestamp to each item
const item = $input.item;
return [{
json: {
...item.json,
processed: true,
processedAt: new Date().toISOString()
}
}];When to use:
- ✅ Each item needs independent API call
- ✅ Per-item validation with different error handling
- ✅ Item-specific transformations based on item properties
- ✅ When items must be processed separately for business logic
Decision Shortcut:
- Need to look at multiple items? → Use "All Items" mode
- Each item completely independent? → Use "Each Item" mode
- Not sure? → Use "All Items" mode (you can always loop inside)
Data Access Patterns
Pattern 1: $input.all() - Most Common
Use when: Processing arrays, batch operations, aggregations
// Get all items from previous node
const allItems = $input.all();
// Filter, map, reduce as needed
const valid = allItems.filter(item => item.json.status === 'active');
const mapped = valid.map(item => ({
json: {
id: item.json.id,
name: item.json.name
}
}));
return mapped;Pattern 2: $input.first() - Very Common
Use when: Working with single objects, API responses, first-in-first-out
// Get first item only
const firstItem = $input.first();
const data = firstItem.json;
return [{
json: {
result: processData(data),
processedAt: new Date().toISOString()
}
}];Pattern 3: $input.item - Each Item Mode Only
Use when: In "Run Once for Each Item" mode
// Current item in loop (Each Item mode only)
const currentItem = $input.item;
return [{
json: {
...currentItem.json,
itemProcessed: true
}
}];Pattern 4: $node - Reference Other Nodes
Use when: Need data from specific nodes in workflow
// Get output from specific node
const webhookData = $node["Webhook"].json;
const httpData = $node["HTTP Request"].json;
return [{
json: {
combined: {
webhook: webhookData,
api: httpData
}
}
}];See: DATA_ACCESS.md for comprehensive guide
Critical: Webhook Data Structure
MOST COMMON MISTAKE: Webhook data is nested under .body
// ❌ WRONG - Will return undefined
const name = $json.name;
const email = $json.email;
// ✅ CORRECT - Webhook data is under .body
const name = $json.body.name;
const email = $json.body.email;
// Or with $input
const webhookData = $input.first().json.body;
const name = webhookData.name;Why: Webhook node wraps all request data under body property. This includes POST data, query parameters, and JSON payloads.
See: DATA_ACCESS.md for full webhook structure details
Return Format Requirements
CRITICAL RULE: Always return array of objects with json property
Correct Return Formats
// ✅ Single result
return [{
json: {
field1: value1,
field2: value2
}
}];
// ✅ Multiple results
return [
{json: {id: 1, data: 'first'}},
{json: {id: 2, data: 'second'}}
];
// ✅ Transformed array
const transformed = $input.all()
.filter(item => item.json.valid)
.map(item => ({
json: {
id: item.json.id,
processed: true
}
}));
return transformed;
// ✅ Empty result (when no data to return)
return [];
// ✅ Conditional return
if (shouldProcess) {
return [{json: processedData}];
} else {
return [];
}Incorrect Return Formats
// ❌ WRONG: Object without array wrapper
return {
json: {field: value}
};
// ❌ WRONG: Array without json wrapper
return [{field: value}];
// ❌ WRONG: Plain string
return "processed";
// ❌ WRONG: Raw data without mapping
return $input.all(); // Missing .map()
// ❌ WRONG: Incomplete structure
return [{data: value}]; // Should be {json: value}Why it matters: Next nodes expect array format. Incorrect format causes workflow execution to fail.
See: ERROR_PATTERNS.md #3 for detailed error solutions
Common Patterns Overview
Based on production workflows, here are the most useful patterns:
1. Multi-Source Data Aggregation
Combine data from multiple APIs, webhooks, or nodes
const allItems = $input.all();
const results = [];
for (const item of allItems) {
const sourceName = item.json.name || 'Unknown';
// Parse source-specific structure
if (sourceName === 'API1' && item.json.data) {
results.push({
json: {
title: item.json.data.title,
source: 'API1'
}
});
}
}
return results;2. Filtering with Regex
Extract patterns, mentions, or keywords from text
const pattern = /\b([A-Z]{2,5})\b/g;
const matches = {};
for (const item of $input.all()) {
const text = item.json.text;
const found = text.match(pattern);
if (found) {
found.forEach(match => {
matches[match] = (matches[match] || 0) + 1;
});
}
}
return [{json: {matches}}];3. Data Transformation & Enrichment
Map fields, normalize formats, add computed fields
const items = $input.all();
return items.map(item => {
const data = item.json;
const nameParts = data.name.split(' ');
return {
json: {
first_name: nameParts[0],
last_name: nameParts.slice(1).join(' '),
email: data.email,
created_at: new Date().toISOString()
}
};
});4. Top N Filtering & Ranking
Sort and limit results
const items = $input.all();
const topItems = items
.sort((a, b) => (b.json.score || 0) - (a.json.score || 0))
.slice(0, 10);
return topItems.map(item => ({json: item.json}));5. Aggregation & Reporting
Sum, count, group data
const items = $input.all();
const total = items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + (item.json.amount || 0), 0);
return [{
json: {
total,
count: items.length,
average: total / items.length,
timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
}
}];See: COMMON_PATTERNS.md for 10 detailed production patterns
Error Prevention - Top 5 Mistakes
#1: Empty Code or Missing Return (Most Common)
// ❌ WRONG: No return statement
const items = $input.all();
// ... processing code ...
// Forgot to return!
// ✅ CORRECT: Always return data
const items = $input.all();
// ... processing ...
return items.map(item => ({json: item.json}));#2: Expression Syntax Confusion
// ❌ WRONG: Using n8n expression syntax in code
const value = "{{ $json.field }}";
// ✅ CORRECT: Use JavaScript template literals
const value = `${$json.field}`;
// ✅ CORRECT: Direct access
const value = $input.first().json.field;#3: Incorrect Return Wrapper
// ❌ WRONG: Returning object instead of array
return {json: {result: 'success'}};
// ✅ CORRECT: Array wrapper required
return [{json: {result: 'success'}}];#4: Missing Null Checks
// ❌ WRONG: Crashes if field doesn't exist
const value = item.json.user.email;
// ✅ CORRECT: Safe access with optional chaining
const value = item.json?.user?.email || 'no-email@example.com';
// ✅ CORRECT: Guard clause
if (!item.json.user) {
return [];
}
const value = item.json.user.email;#5: Webhook Body Nesting
// ❌ WRONG: Direct access to webhook data
const email = $json.email;
// ✅ CORRECT: Webhook data under .body
const email = $json.body.email;See: ERROR_PATTERNS.md for comprehensive error guide
Built-in Functions & Helpers
$helpers.httpRequest()
Make HTTP requests from within code:
const response = await $helpers.httpRequest({
method: 'GET',
url: 'https://api.example.com/data',
headers: {
'Authorization': 'Bearer token',
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
}
});
return [{json: {data: response}}];DateTime (Luxon)
Date and time operations:
// Current time
const now = DateTime.now();
// Format dates
const formatted = now.toFormat('yyyy-MM-dd');
const iso = now.toISO();
// Date arithmetic
const tomorrow = now.plus({days: 1});
const lastWeek = now.minus({weeks: 1});
return [{
json: {
today: formatted,
tomorrow: tomorrow.toFormat('yyyy-MM-dd')
}
}];$jmespath()
Query JSON structures:
const data = $input.first().json;
// Filter array
const adults = $jmespath(data, 'users[?age >= `18`]');
// Extract fields
const names = $jmespath(data, 'users[*].name');
return [{json: {adults, names}}];See: BUILTIN_FUNCTIONS.md for complete reference
Best Practices
1. Always Validate Input Data
const items = $input.all();
// Check if data exists
if (!items || items.length === 0) {
return [];
}
// Validate structure
if (!items[0].json) {
return [{json: {error: 'Invalid input format'}}];
}
// Continue processing...2. Use Try-Catch for Error Handling
try {
const response = await $helpers.httpRequest({
url: 'https://api.example.com/data'
});
return [{json: {success: true, data: response}}];
} catch (error) {
return [{
json: {
success: false,
error: error.message
}
}];
}3. Prefer Array Methods Over Loops
// ✅ GOOD: Functional approach
const processed = $input.all()
.filter(item => item.json.valid)
.map(item => ({json: {id: item.json.id}}));
// ❌ SLOWER: Manual loop
const processed = [];
for (const item of $input.all()) {
if (item.json.valid) {
processed.push({json: {id: item.json.id}});
}
}4. Filter Early, Process Late
// ✅ GOOD: Filter first to reduce processing
const processed = $input.all()
.filter(item => item.json.status === 'active') // Reduce dataset first
.map(item => expensiveTransformation(item)); // Then transform
// ❌ WASTEFUL: Transform everything, then filter
const processed = $input.all()
.map(item => expensiveTransformation(item)) // Wastes CPU
.filter(item => item.json.status === 'active');5. Use Descriptive Variable Names
// ✅ GOOD: Clear intent
const activeUsers = $input.all().filter(item => item.json.active);
const totalRevenue = activeUsers.reduce((sum, user) => sum + user.json.revenue, 0);
// ❌ BAD: Unclear purpose
const a = $input.all().filter(item => item.json.active);
const t = a.reduce((s, u) => s + u.json.revenue, 0);6. Debug with console.log()
// Debug statements appear in browser console
const items = $input.all();
console.log(`Processing ${items.length} items`);
for (const item of items) {
console.log('Item data:', item.json);
// Process...
}
return result;Production Gotchas
Hard-won lessons from real-world n8n workflow deployments:
SplitInBatches Loop Semantics
The SplitInBatches node has two outputs — and the naming is counterintuitive:
main[0]= done — fires ONCE after all batches are processedmain[1]= each batch — fires for every batch (this is the loop body)
Always add a Limit 1 node after the done output before downstream processing, as a safety against edge cases where done fires with extra items.
Cross-Iteration Data Accumulation (CRITICAL)
After a SplitInBatches loop, $('Node Inside Loop').all() returns ONLY the last iteration's items, not cumulative results. This silently drops data from all but the final batch.
Fix: Use workflow static data to accumulate across iterations:
// BEFORE the loop (reset accumulator):
const staticData = $getWorkflowStaticData('global');
staticData.results = [];
return $input.all();
// INSIDE the loop body (accumulate):
const staticData = $getWorkflowStaticData('global');
const results = [];
for (const item of $input.all()) {
const processed = { /* ... */ };
results.push({ json: processed });
staticData.results.push(processed);
}
return results;
// AFTER the loop (read accumulated data):
const staticData = $getWorkflowStaticData('global');
const allResults = staticData.results || [];
// Now aggregate across ALL iterationspairedItem for New Output Items
When creating new items that don't map 1:1 to input items, include pairedItem — otherwise downstream Set nodes fail with paired_item_no_info:
const results = [];
for (let i = 0; i < $input.all().length; i++) {
const item = $input.all()[i];
results.push({
json: { /* new data */ },
pairedItem: { item: i }
});
}
return results;Correct Node Reference Syntax
// ❌ WRONG - .json directly on node reference
const data = $('HTTP Request').json;
// ✅ CORRECT - call .first() then access .json
const data = $('HTTP Request').first().json;
// ✅ Also correct - get all items
const allData = $('HTTP Request').all();Float Precision for Price/Currency Comparison
When comparing prices or currency values, floating point noise can cause false positives. Round to cents:
// ❌ Unreliable - float comparison
if (newPrice !== oldPrice) { /* triggers on noise */ }
// ✅ Reliable - compare at cent level
if (Math.round(newPrice * 100) !== Math.round(oldPrice * 100)) {
// Real price change detected
}When to Use Code Node
Use Code node when:
- ✅ Complex transformations requiring multiple steps
- ✅ Custom calculations or business logic
- ✅ Recursive operations
- ✅ API response parsing with complex structure
- ✅ Multi-step conditionals
- ✅ Data aggregation across items
Consider other nodes when:
- ❌ Simple field mapping → Use Set node
- ❌ Basic filtering → Use Filter node
- ❌ Simple conditionals → Use IF or Switch node
- ❌ HTTP requests only → Use HTTP Request node
Code node excels at: Complex logic that would require chaining many simple nodes
Integration with Other Skills
Works With:
n8n Expression Syntax:
- Expressions use
{{}}syntax in other nodes - Code nodes use JavaScript directly (no
{{}}) - When to use expressions vs code
n8n MCP Tools Expert:
- How to find Code node:
search_nodes({query: "code"}) - Get configuration help:
get_node({nodeType: "nodes-base.code"}) - Validate code:
validate_node({nodeType: "nodes-base.code", config: {...}})
n8n Node Configuration:
- Mode selection (All Items vs Each Item)
- Language selection (JavaScript vs Python)
- Understanding property dependencies
n8n Workflow Patterns:
- Code nodes in transformation step
- Webhook → Code → API pattern
- Error handling in workflows
n8n Validation Expert:
- Validate Code node configuration
- Handle validation errors
- Auto-fix common issues
Quick Reference Checklist
Before deploying Code nodes, verify:
- Code is not empty - Must have meaningful logic
- Return statement exists - Must return array of objects
- Proper return format - Each item:
{json: {...}} - Data access correct - Using
$input.all(),$input.first(), or$input.item - No n8n expressions - Use JavaScript template literals: `
- Error handling - Guard clauses for null/undefined inputs
- Webhook data - Access via
.bodyif from webhook - Mode selection - "All Items" for most cases
- Performance - Prefer map/filter over manual loops
- Output consistent - All code paths return same structure
Additional Resources
Related Files
- DATA_ACCESS.md - Comprehensive data access patterns
- COMMON_PATTERNS.md - 10 production-tested patterns
- ERROR_PATTERNS.md - Top 5 errors and solutions
- BUILTIN_FUNCTIONS.md - Complete built-in reference
n8n Documentation
- Code Node Guide: https://docs.n8n.io/code/code-node/
- Built-in Methods: https://docs.n8n.io/code-examples/methods-variables-reference/
- Luxon Documentation: https://moment.github.io/luxon/
Ready to write JavaScript in n8n Code nodes! Start with simple transformations, use the error patterns guide to avoid common mistakes, and reference the pattern library for production-ready examples.