api-versioning（API 版本管理）

API Versioning

Core Principles

1. Version from day one — Adding versioning later is painful. Start with a version in the URL even if you only have v1.
2. URL segment versioning is the default — /api/v1/orders is the most discoverable and cache-friendly strategy.
3. Never break existing versions — Add a new version for breaking changes. Deprecate the old version with a timeline.
4. Version the API, not individual endpoints — All endpoints in a version group share the same version number.

Patterns

Setup with Asp.Versioning

// Program.cs
builder.Services.AddApiVersioning(options =>
{
    options.DefaultApiVersion = new ApiVersion(1, 0);
    options.AssumeDefaultVersionWhenUnspecified = true;
    options.ReportApiVersions = true;
    options.ApiVersionReader = new UrlSegmentApiVersionReader();
})
.AddApiExplorer(options =>
{
    options.GroupNameFormat = "'v'VVV";
    options.SubstituteApiVersionInUrl = true;
});

URL Segment Versioning (Recommended)

var v1 = app.NewApiVersionSet()
    .HasApiVersion(new ApiVersion(1, 0))
    .Build();

var v2 = app.NewApiVersionSet()
    .HasApiVersion(new ApiVersion(2, 0))
    .Build();

app.MapGroup("/api/v{version:apiVersion}/orders")
    .WithApiVersionSet(v1)
    .WithTags("Orders")
    .MapOrderEndpointsV1();

app.MapGroup("/api/v{version:apiVersion}/orders")
    .WithApiVersionSet(v2)
    .WithTags("Orders")
    .MapOrderEndpointsV2();

Header Versioning (Alternative)

options.ApiVersionReader = new HeaderApiVersionReader("X-Api-Version");

// Client sends: X-Api-Version: 2.0

Deprecating a Version

var v1 = app.NewApiVersionSet()
    .HasDeprecatedApiVersion(new ApiVersion(1, 0))
    .HasApiVersion(new ApiVersion(2, 0))
    .Build();

// Response headers will include: api-deprecated-versions: 1.0

Version-Specific Endpoint Groups

public static class OrderEndpointsV1
{
    public static RouteGroupBuilder MapOrderEndpointsV1(this RouteGroupBuilder group)
    {
        group.MapGet("/{id:guid}", GetOrderV1);
        group.MapPost("/", CreateOrderV1);
        return group;
    }

    private static async Task<Results<Ok<OrderResponseV1>, NotFound>> GetOrderV1(
        Guid id, ISender sender, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // V1 response shape
        var result = await sender.Send(new GetOrder.Query(id), ct);
        return result.IsSuccess
            ? TypedResults.Ok(result.Value.ToV1())
            : TypedResults.NotFound();
    }
}

public static class OrderEndpointsV2
{
    public static RouteGroupBuilder MapOrderEndpointsV2(this RouteGroupBuilder group)
    {
        group.MapGet("/{id:guid}", GetOrderV2);
        group.MapPost("/", CreateOrderV2);
        return group;
    }

    private static async Task<Results<Ok<OrderResponseV2>, NotFound>> GetOrderV2(
        Guid id, ISender sender, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // V2 response shape — includes new fields
        var result = await sender.Send(new GetOrder.Query(id), ct);
        return result.IsSuccess
            ? TypedResults.Ok(result.Value.ToV2())
            : TypedResults.NotFound();
    }
}

Anti-patterns

Don't Version Individual Endpoints

// BAD — inconsistent versioning within a group
app.MapGet("/api/v1/orders", ListOrdersV1);
app.MapGet("/api/v2/orders/{id}", GetOrderV2); // V2 only for this endpoint?

// GOOD — version the entire group
app.MapGroup("/api/v1/orders").MapOrderEndpointsV1();
app.MapGroup("/api/v2/orders").MapOrderEndpointsV2();

Don't Use Query String Versioning as Default

// BAD for REST APIs — version hidden in query string, not cache-friendly
GET /api/orders?api-version=2.0

// GOOD — version in URL, discoverable and cacheable
GET /api/v2/orders

Decision Guide