Service Layer Architecture
Overview
Two-layer separation: Actions orchestrate domain rules (the "why/when"), while a service layer centralizes reusable operational mechanics (the "how").
This prevents duplicated code, inconsistent behavior, and bugs fixed in one path but not others.
When to Use
- Multiple callers need the same low-level operation (sandbox creation, email sending, payment processing)
- You're copy-pasting operational logic between action files
- A bug fix in one workflow doesn't propagate to others doing the same thing
- Adding a new feature that shares mechanics with existing flows
Don't use when: Logic is truly domain-specific and used by only one caller.
Core Pattern
Orchestration Layer (Actions) Service Layer (Shared Mechanics)
├── owns business rules ├── owns reusable operations
├── owns state transitions ├── owns provider/SDK interactions
├── owns auth/ownership checks ├── owns command execution details
├── owns failure classification ├── owns health checks / readiness
├── owns retries / user-facing errors └── returns structured results
└── calls service functionsRule of thumb:
- "What this product flow means" → keep in actions
- "How to do this operation reliably" → move to service layer
Quick Reference
| Design Principle | Do | Don't |
|---|---|---|
| API shape | Composable capability blocks | One giant "do everything" method |
| Inputs/outputs | Explicit params, structured returns | Hidden global state, reaching into DB |
| Migration | Extract one block, replace one caller, verify, then migrate rest | Refactor everything at once |
| Domain logic | Keep auth, policy, error classification in actions | Let service mutate domain state directly |
| Extraction trigger | Logic repeated across 2+ callers | Logic used once (over-abstraction) |
Designing Service Functions
Design as capability blocks, not monoliths:
// Good: composable, each caller chooses what to use
createManagedSandbox(...)
prepareRepo(...)
detectPackageManager(...)
installDependencies(...)
runBuildCommand(...)
startSandboxRuntime(...)Each function should:
- Accept all required data as explicit parameters
- Return structured outputs (e.g.,
{ready, previewUrl, proxyPort}) - Never reach into database/state directly
- Make failure explicit (structured results, not swallowed errors)
This lets callers choose strict vs relaxed behavior per flow.
Migration Checklist
When extracting shared logic:
- Write the flow in action code first (clear behavior)
- Mark repeated operational chunks across callers
- Extract only repeated, non-domain chunks to service
- Replace one caller → verify → replace remaining callers
- Keep domain policy in actions (auth, status transitions, error classification)
- Run verification: typecheck, lint, confirm all flows still work
Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern | Problem |
|---|---|
| God service | One huge function hides all control flow |
| Leaky service | Service mutates database tables directly |
| Inconsistent API | Each function uses different argument styles and error semantics |
| Over-abstraction | Extracting logic used by only one caller |
Example: Email Service (Simple)
// emailService.ts — shared mechanics
export async function sendWelcomeEmail(params: { to: string; name: string }) {
const html = `<h1>Welcome ${params.name}</h1>`;
await emailProvider.send(params.to, "Welcome", html);
}
// userSignup.ts — orchestration (owns WHEN to send)
if (user.marketingOptIn) {
await sendWelcomeEmail({ to: user.email, name: user.name });
}
// adminInvite.ts — orchestration (different business rule, same mechanic)
await sendWelcomeEmail({ to: invitee.email, name: invitee.name });Mental Model
New feature? → Write in action first → See repeated ops? → Extract to service
→ No repetition? → Keep in actionYour architecture in one sentence: Actions orchestrate domain rules, while the service layer centralizes reusable operational mechanics with a composable, explicit-input API.