Laravel Expert Skill
🧠 Expertise
Laravel 框架專家，專精於跨版本開發、框架核心機制與最佳實務。
官方文檔參考：https://laravel.com/docs/
1. 版本差異對照表
1.1 支援政策
| 版本 | PHP 版本 | 發布日期 | Bug 修復結束 | 安全修復結束 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9.x | 8.0 - 8.2 | 2022-02 | 2023-08 | 2024-02 |
| 10.x | 8.1 - 8.3 | 2023-02 | 2024-08 | 2025-02 |
| 11.x | 8.2 - 8.4 | 2024-03 | 2025-09 | 2026-03 |
| 12.x | 8.2+ | 2025-02 | 2026-08 | 2027-02 |
參考：https://laravel.com/docs/12.x/releases#support-policy
1.2 核心差異對照
| 特性 | Laravel 9 | Laravel 11 | Laravel 12 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 目錄結構 | 傳統完整 | 精簡化 | 精簡化 |
| app/Http/Kernel.php | ✅ 存在 | ❌ 移除 | ❌ 移除 |
| Middleware 註冊 | Kernel | bootstrap/app.php | bootstrap/app.php |
| Exception Handler | app/Exceptions | bootstrap/app.php | bootstrap/app.php |
| 預設測試框架 | PHPUnit | Pest 可選 | Pest 預設 |
| Model Casts | $casts 屬性 | casts() 方法 | casts() 方法 |
| 前端工具 | Mix | Vite | Vite |
| Starter Kits | Breeze/Jetstream | Breeze/Jetstream | 新 Starter Kits |
1.3 Laravel 9 主要特性
// 新版 Accessor / Mutator 語法
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Casts\Attribute;
protected function name(): Attribute
{
return Attribute::make(
get: fn (string $value) => ucfirst($value),
set: fn (string $value) => strtolower($value),
);
}
// Enum Casting
protected $casts = [
'status' => OrderStatus::class,
];
// Controller Route Groups
Route::controller(OrderController::class)->group(function () {
Route::get('/orders', 'index');
Route::post('/orders', 'store');
});1.4 Laravel 11/12 精簡化結構
// bootstrap/app.php（Laravel 11+）
return Application::configure(basePath: dirname(__DIR__))
->withRouting(
web: __DIR__.'/../routes/web.php',
commands: __DIR__.'/../routes/console.php',
)
->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) {
$middleware->web(append: [
CheckUserStatus::class,
]);
})
->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) {
$exceptions->render(function (NotFoundHttpException $e) {
return response()->json(['error' => 'Not found'], 404);
});
})
->create();2. Service Container 與依賴注入
2.1 基本綁定
// 綁定介面到實作
$this->app->bind(IPaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);
// 單例綁定
$this->app->singleton(IPaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);
// 實例綁定
$this->app->instance(IPaymentGateway::class, $gateway);
// 上下文綁定
$this->app->when(OrderService::class)
->needs(IPaymentGateway::class)
->give(StripeGateway::class);2.2 自動解析
// 自動注入（Constructor Injection）
class OrderController extends Controller
{
public function __construct(
private readonly IOrderService $orderService,
private readonly IPaymentGateway $paymentGateway,
) {}
}
// 方法注入
public function store(Request $request, IOrderService $service)
{
$order = $service->createOrder($request->validated());
}3. Middleware 設計
3.1 Laravel 9 方式（Kernel）
// app/Http/Kernel.php
protected $middlewareGroups = [
'web' => [
// ...
],
'api' => [
\Laravel\Sanctum\Http\Middleware\EnsureFrontendRequestsAreStateful::class,
'throttle:api',
\Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,
],
];
protected $middlewareAliases = [
'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class,
'verified' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\EnsureEmailIsVerified::class,
];3.2 Laravel 11+ 方式（bootstrap/app.php）
->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) {
// 新增到 web 群組
$middleware->web(append: [
CheckUserStatus::class,
]);
// 新增到 api 群組
$middleware->api(prepend: [
EnsureTokenIsValid::class,
]);
// 別名
$middleware->alias([
'admin' => EnsureUserIsAdmin::class,
]);
// 全域 Middleware
$middleware->append(LogRequests::class);
})3.3 自訂 Middleware
class EnsureUserIsActive
{
public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
{
if ($request->user()?->status !== 'active') {
abort(403, 'Your account is not active.');
}
return $next($request);
}
}參考文件 (Progressive Disclosure)
為了保持主要文件簡潔，進階指引已移至 references/ 目錄。當需要解決特定問題時，請查閱對應文件：