boxlang-language-fundamentals（Boxlang 语言基础）

BoxLang Language Fundamentals

Overview

BoxLang is a modern, dynamic JVM language (JRE 21+) influenced by Java, CFML, Python, Ruby, Go, and PHP. It compiles to Java bytecode and provides complete Java interoperability with a more expressive, concise syntax.

File Types

Variables and Scopes

BoxLang uses dynamic typing — types are inferred at runtime. Explicit type annotations are optional but supported.

// Variable declaration (var keyword in functions)
var name = "BoxLang"
var count = 42
var price = 9.99
var active = true

// Null
var nothing = null

Scope Chain (resolution order in a function)

1. local — variables declared with var inside a function
2. arguments — function parameters
3. variables — component/class private scope
4. this — component/class public scope
5. Named scopes: url, form, session, application, request, cgi, server

// Explicit scope reference
variables.counter = 0
this.publicValue = "visible"
local.tempResult = compute()

Operators

// Arithmetic
a + b   a - b   a * b   a / b   a % b   a ^ b   a \ b  // integer divide

// Comparison
a == b   a != b   a > b   a < b   a >= b   a <= b
a === b  a !== b  // strict (type + value)

// Logical
a && b   a || b   !a
a and b  a or b   not a   // word operators

// String concatenation
a & b

// Safe-navigation (null-safe member access)
user?.address?.city   // returns null instead of throwing

// Inclusive range (v1.12+)
1..5   // produces [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] — both ends included

// Ternary
result = condition ? trueValue : falseValue

// Elvis (null coalescing)
result = value ?: "default"

Control Flow

// if / else if / else
if ( age >= 18 ) {
    writeOutput( "adult" )
} else if ( age >= 13 ) {
    writeOutput( "teen" )
} else {
    writeOutput( "child" )
}

// switch
switch ( status ) {
    case "active":
        doActive()
        break
    case "pending":
    case "review":
        doPending()
        break
    default:
        doDefault()
}

// for (index)
for ( var i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) {
    writeOutput( i )
}

// for-in (collection)
for ( var item in myArray ) {
    writeOutput( item )
}

// for-in with destructuring (v1.12+)
for ( var [key, value] in myStruct ) {
    writeOutput( "#key# = #value#" )
}

// while
while ( queue.len() > 0 ) {
    process( queue.dequeue() )
}

// do-while
do {
    attempt = tryConnect()
} while ( !attempt.success && retries++ < 3 )

Exception Handling

try {
    result = riskyOperation()
} catch ( "CustomException" e ) {
    handleCustom( e )
} catch ( any e ) {
    // e.message, e.detail, e.stackTrace, e.type
    logError( e.message )
} finally {
    cleanup()
}

// Throwing exceptions
throw( message="Something went wrong", type="MyApp.ValidationError", detail="Field X is required" )

// Or as an object
throw new MyException( "Bad input" )

Strings

// Double-quoted: interpolation enabled
var greeting = "Hello, #name#!"
var multi = "Line one
Line two"

// Single-quoted: literal (no interpolation)
var literal = 'Hello, #name#'   // outputs literally: Hello, #name#

// Common string functions
len( str )
trim( str )
uCase( str ) / lCase( str )
left( str, n ) / right( str, n ) / mid( str, start, n )
replace( str, search, replacement )
reFind( pattern, str )
listToArray( str, delimiter )
str.contains( "foo" )   // member function syntax

Arrays

CRITICAL: BoxLang arrays are 1-indexed (not 0-indexed like Java). The first element is always at index 1.

var fruits = [ "apple", "banana", "cherry" ]

// Access by index — starts at 1
fruits[ 1 ]   // "apple"  ✅
fruits[ 0 ]   // null / out-of-bounds  ❌  WRONG

// Preferred: use named accessors instead of numeric index
fruits.first()   // "apple"   — first element
fruits.last()    // "cherry"  — last element

// Common array operations
fruits.len()               // 3
fruits.append( "date" )    // adds to end
fruits.prepend( "avocado" ) // adds to front
fruits.isEmpty()           // false
fruits.contains( "banana" ) // true
fruits.find( "cherry" )    // 3 (1-based index, 0 if not found)
fruits.each( (f) -> println(f) )
fruits.map( (f) -> uCase(f) )
fruits.filter( (f) -> f.startsWith("a") )
fruits.reduce( (acc, f) -> acc & "," & f, "" )

// Inline array literal
var nums = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

// Spread (v1.12+)
var more = [ ...nums, 6, 7 ]

Varargs / Positional Java Calls Must Use Arrays

When calling a Java method that accepts Object... args (varargs), you must pass a BoxLang array — a bare single value will not work:

// WRONG — bare value
storage.query( "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", userId )

// CORRECT — wrapped in an array
storage.query( "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [userId] )

// Multiple params
storage.query( "SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = ? AND active = ?", [role, active] )

Semicolons

Semicolons are optional at the end of statements and are considered noisy. Do not add them to variable declarations, function calls, return statements, or control-flow blocks.

// BAD — noisy semicolons
var name = "BoxLang";
var total = items.len();
return total;

// GOOD — clean, no semicolons
var name = "BoxLang"
var total = items.len()
return total

Semicolons ARE required (or conventional) in two places:

1. Self-closing component tags — terminate the tag invocation: bx:header name="Content-Type" value="application/json"; bx:location url="/login" addToken=false; bx:abort;
2. Property declarations inside a class: class MyComponent {bx:property name="title" type="string" default=""; bx:property name="count" type="numeric" default=0;}

Type System

BoxLang is dynamically typed with optional type enforcement:

// Type annotations (optional)
string function greet( required string name ) {
    return "Hello, #name#!"
}

// Auto-casting
var num = "42" + 0      // 42 (string auto-cast to number)
var bool = "true"       // truthy
var date = "2024-01-15" // auto-cast to date in date functions

// Type checking
isNumeric( val )
isDate( val )
isArray( val )
isStruct( val )
isNull( val )
getMetaData( obj ).name   // introspect type

Modern Features (v1.12+)

// Array destructuring
var [first, second, ...rest] = myArray
var [a, b] = [1, 2]

// Struct destructuring
var { name, age } = person
var { name: fullName, age: years } = person  // rename

// Spread in function calls
var args = [1, 2, 3]
sum( ...args )

// Spread in array/struct literals
var combined = [...arr1, ...arr2]
var merged = {...struct1, ...struct2}

// For-loop destructuring
for ( var [key, val] in myStruct ) { ... }
for ( var [index, item] in myArray ) { ... }

Comments

// Single-line comment

/* Multi-line
   comment */

/**
 * Doc-comment (used for annotation metadata)
 * @param name The user's name
 * @return Greeting string
 */

Built-in Functions (BIFs)

BIFs are globally available without imports. Call them directly or as member functions:

// Function-style
len( myArray )
arrayAppend( myArray, item )
structKeyExists( myStruct, "key" )

// Member-function style (preferred)
myArray.len()
myArray.append( item )
myStruct.keyExists( "key" )

// List all available BIFs
writeDump( getFunctionList() )

Output

writeOutput( "Hello" )      // write to output buffer
println( "Hello" )          // write + newline (scripts)
dump( var=myVar )           // debug dump
writeDump( myVar )          // alias for dump
abort                       // stop execution

Modern Function Syntax

Method Declaration Without function Keyword

Inside a class body, the function keyword is optional. BoxLang supports a concise declaration style with optional colon-based return type annotations:

class MathService {

    // Concise declaration — no "function" keyword
    add( numeric a, numeric b ) {
        return a + b
    }

    // With return-type annotation (colon syntax)
    multiply( required numeric a, required numeric b ):numeric {
        return a * b
    }

    // With default parameter value and return type
    power( required numeric base, numeric exponent = 2 ):numeric {
        return base ^ exponent
    }

    // Void-like — no return type declared
    logOperation( required string operation ) {
        writeLog( "Operation: #operation#" )
    }
}

Available return types: string, numeric, boolean, array, struct, query, date, void, any, or a fully-qualified class name.

Traditional function Keyword (Still Valid)

class Service {
    function calculate( required numeric value ):numeric {
        return value * 2
    }
}

Both styles are equivalent. Prefer the concise style inside classes; use the function keyword for standalone script-level functions and closures.

Quick-Reference: Common Pitfalls

References

• BoxLang Syntax Docs
• Variables & Scopes
• Operators
• Control Flow
• Exception Handling