After-Action Review
Conduct a structured debrief to extract learning from any significant event or experience.
Instructions
Work through the four core questions honestly and specifically. Focus on events and systems, not blaming individuals.
Output Format
Event: What are we reviewing? Date: When did it happen? Participants: Who was involved?
1. What Was Expected?
*Before the event, what did we think would happen?*
Goals/Objectives
- [What were we trying to achieve?]
Plan
- [What was the plan to achieve it?]
Success Criteria
- [How would we know if we succeeded?]
Assumptions
- [What did we assume would be true?]
2. What Actually Happened?
*Facts only—what occurred, not why*
Timeline
| Time | Event |
|---|---|
| [When] | [What happened] |
Outcomes
- [What results did we get?]
Compared to Expected
| Expected | Actual | Gap |
|---|---|---|
| [expectation] | [reality] | [+/-] |
3. Why the Difference?
*Analysis of the gap between expected and actual*
What Went Well (sustain these)
| Success | Contributing Factors |
|---|---|
| [what worked] | [why it worked] |
What Didn't Go Well (improve these)
| Problem | Root Cause |
|---|---|
| [what failed] | [why it failed] |
Surprises
- [Things we didn't anticipate]
4. What Do We Do Next?
*Specific actions to sustain or improve*
Sustain (keep doing these)
| Action | Owner | How to Protect It |
|---|---|---|
| [what to continue] | [who] | [mechanism] |
Improve (change these)
| Action | Owner | By When |
|---|---|---|
| [what to change] | [who] | [deadline] |
Key Takeaways Top 3 lessons from this review:
- [Lesson]
- [Lesson]
- [Lesson]
Follow-up When will we check if improvements are working?
Guidelines
- Do this soon—memory fades fast
- Be specific: "Communication failed" → "We didn't update Slack until hour 3"
- Balance: Include what went well, not just problems
- Assign owners: Insights without ownership become forgotten
- Make it safe: Blame shuts down honesty
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